2014考研英语阅读理解高分原则

　　纵观整个考研英语试卷，发现整张试卷实际只考察了考生两个方面的能力——阅读和写作，也就是说，考研英语只考察了考生灵活应用听、说、读、写四个语言点当中一半的能力，与准备雅思、托福的考生相比，备战考研的同学们已经轻松了一半。而“得阅读者得天下”，阅读理解能力的提升意味着完形填空、新题型、甚至翻译能力的提升，如果能够把握好占考研英语70%的阅读部分，英语高分就不在话下了。下面我要告诉大家的就是在复习阅读的过程中一定要注意的一些原则性问题。

　　从阅读理解本身来讲，阅读并理解是做对题拿到分的前提，只有在阅读并且理解的前提下才能够保证做题的正确率，所以首要原则就是能够把文章读懂。那么怎样做到切实的阅读并且理解呢?在与考生的交流中，跨考考研英语教研室肖芳芳老师发现很多问题是与以下几点密切相关的，解决了以下问题，阅读理解的问题也就随之解决了。

　　1. 阅读策略- reading strategy

　　西方人写文章规律性极强，绝大多数议论文的组织形式为：开头提出论点，接下来会有若干分论点，分论点后面会紧跟论据，支持分论点以及总论点。如此具有规律的文章形式极大地帮助我们读懂文章大意。大意懂了，就要仔细阅读具体的内容了，而这个时候总会遇到这样那样的困难。所以在阅读文章时一定要硬着头皮，迎难而上，看不懂的地方也要尽量猜测，不要因为某个单词影响对整个句子的理解，同时把握句子当中的意群group meaning，这个句子可能读不懂，但是读懂了句子中的意群，再看看句子里面有没有否定词和转折词，基本上这个句子就明白了。

　　例句1：No less remarkable than the development of the compact disc has been the use of the new technology to revitalize, in better sound than was ever before possible, some of the classic recorded performances of the pre-Latin era.

　　这个长句当中使用了一个短语搭配no less … than …(不比…差)，也就是说这个长句其实就是在比较两个事物，两个事物是相当的、平等的，所以找到两个事物，这个句子就读懂了。不难发现句子当中提到的两个名词短语为compact disc和classic recorded performances，而其它成份则为这两个名词短语的修饰语。

　　例句2：Despite protests from some waste-disposal companies, health officials have ordered that the levels of bacteria in seawater at popular beaches be measured and the results published.

　　此句状语从句的主语为protest，主句主语为official，宾语为从句，宾语从句主语为level，of短语修饰level，in短语修饰bacterial，at短语修饰seawater，be measured and published为从句谓语。译文：尽管有一些废品处理公司的反对，负责健康方面的官员们还是要求对受公众欢迎的海滩的海水所含细菌的数量进行检测，并且要求把这些结果公布于众。

　　例句3： The temperature of the exhaust gases is well above 500 c, meaning that solid oxide fuel cells are very attractive for electricity and heat generation as, in addition to supplying electricity; the leftover amounts of heat created during the process could be used to produce heat for industries, provide hot water suppliers or warm buildings.

　　词句主句含义为气体温度很高，其余的部分则为meaning分词作状语的状语从句。从句的主语为solid oxide fuel cells，表语为attractive，补语为electricity and heat generation，后面又是一个as引导的原因从句，从句的主语为heat，created during the process为heat的修饰语，谓语为could be used to，宾语为并列的三个事项produce heat for industries, provide hot water suppliers 和warm buildings. 译文：那些废弃的温度远远高于500 c，这就意味着：对于发电和供热来说，固体氧化燃料电池是很不错的，因为除了供电外，在该过程中所产生的剩余热量可用于工业供热、供应热水、或者给建筑物供暖。

　　2. 语法+单词+短语- grammar + vocabulary + phrases

　　通过上述例句可以发现，在单词不完全认识的情况下，仍然可以依靠语法知识将长难句分解为若干部分，而这若干部分当中，只需要理解一部分，就能够对全句的含义完全掌握，可见牢固的语法基础在整个阅读理解当中的地位何等重要。

　　而上述例句为no less引导的一个倒装句型，句子真正的主语为：the use of the new technology, 谓语部分为has been, 表语为remarkable.

　　而对于单词而言，考研阅读当中喜欢考查普通单词不普通的含义。

　　例如2004年第43题：

　　The expression “tip service” most probably means ________

　　A. advisory B. compensation C. interaction D. reminder

　　原文：For any job search, you should start with a narrow concept----what you think you want to do----then broaden it. “None of these programs do that,” says another expert. “There is no career counseling implicit in all of this.” Instead, the best strategy is to use the agent as a kind of tip service to keep abreast of jobs in a particular database; when you get E-mail, consider it a reminder to check the database again. “I would not rely on agents for finding everything that is added to a database that might interest me,” says the author of a job-searching guide.

　　同学们看到这道题中的“tip service”首先想到了A项advisory，因为这两个单词本身就是一组近义词，但是考研阅读是不会考到这么简单的近义词的，所以回到原文验证时我们发现，原文中tip service所在的一句话由一个分号隔开，分号前后句表达的含义应当一致，这样我们可以得出tip service的含义应当等用于分号后半句reminder的含义，由此得出正确选项D。

　　这就要求我们在记单词时要主动去关注单词第二、第三个解释，并且要深度掌握历年考试当中出现的高频词汇与高频短语，这一点尤其重要，因为在阅读理解题目当中，高频词汇是会反复出现在考题当中的;而对于完型填空当中对于固定搭配的考查，历年考研英语当中是没有重复短语出现的，这就要求我们在对历年考试真题复习的同时，还要做到下面一项工作：

　　3. 知识储备- knowledge

　　考研英语阅读部分的文章分为自然科学、社会科学及人文科学三大类，而大部分同学对于西方人乐于研究的自然科学及社会科学的常识知之甚少，导致在阅读文章出现到速度问题、单词问题、理解问题等。所以在精读真题的同时，一定要搭配一定量的泛读以提高对某些知识领域的认知，更重要的是了解更多的单词与固定搭配的用法。而除历年真题外，各种各样的模拟题正是泛读文章极好的来源。

　　4. 考研出题人的可爱之处

　　我们来分享几个考研阅读理解中比较有趣的几道题目：

　　2004年第49题：

　　What does the author mean by “most people are literally having a ZZZ”?

　　A: They are getting impatient.

　　B: They are noisily dozing off.

　　C: They are feeling humiliated.

　　D: They are busy with word puzzles.

　　原文：The humiliation continues. At university graduation ceremonies, the ABCs proudly get their awards first; by the time they reach the Zysmans most people are literally having a ZZZ. Shortlists for job interviews, election ballot papers, lists of conference speakers and attendees; all tend to be drawn up alphabetically, and their recipients hose interest as they plough through them.

　　这道题出得非常有水准，不难看出考研出题的老教授们也是漫画迷，漫画当中ZZZ表示呼呼大睡的场面出现在了考研阅读题目当中，也有同学错选为A项，认为大家有些不耐烦，而原文中却丝毫没有表达出“不耐烦”的含义，所以正确答案为B。当然不认识doze off短语的同学也有可能错选。

　　再来看2000年第52题：

　　The loss of U.S. predominance in the world economy in the 1980s is manifested in the fact that the American ______

　　A. TV industry had withdrawn to its domestic market.

　　B. Semiconductor industry had been taken over by foreign enterprises.

　　C. Machine-tool industry had collapsed after suicidal action.

　　D. Auto industry had lost part of its domestic market.

　　原文：It was inevitable that this primacy should have narrowed as other countries grew richer. Just as inevitably, the retreat from predominance proved painful. By the mid 1980s Americans had found themselves at a loss over their fading industrial competitiveness. Some huge American industries, such as consumer electronics, had shrunk or vanished in the face of foreign competition. By 1987 there was only one American television maker left, Zenith. (Now there is none: Zenith was bought by South Korea’s LG Electronics in July.) foreign-made cars and textiles were sweeping into the domestic market. America’s machine-tool industry was on the ropes. For a while, it looked as though the making of semiconductors, which America had invented and which sat at the heart of the new computer age, was going to be the next casualty.

　　从原文的划线句中我们找到了问题C项的出处，原文句中有个短语on the ropes，有的同学可能会想，在绳子上，是不是在引申地表达上吊自杀呢，选项C则不失时机地给出了suicidal的候选答案，如果真的能够用这种方法解释英文短语的话，中英互译要笑话百出了。On the rope这个短语最初源自拳击比赛，选手为了不倒在地上标志失败，则会靠在场地的围栏上，这时的拳手必定是奄奄一息的状态，所以On the rope这个短语的意思为“濒临失败”。

　　以上几点问题正是影响同学们阅读并理解西方原版文章的关键因素，希望同学们首先解决“读懂”的问题，在读懂的基础上，进行题干分析及选项分析，保证在考试中获得真正意义上的高分。