Unit2学习能力
Text4 正文
That experiences influence subsequent behaviour is evidence of an obvious but nevertheless remarkable activity called remembering. Learning could not occur without the function popularly named memory. Constant practice has such as effect on memory as to lead to skillful performance on the piano, to recitation of a poem, and even to reading and understanding these words. So-called intelligent behaviour demands memory, remembering being a primary requirement for reasoning. The ability to solve any problem or even to recognize that a problem exists depends on memory. Typically, the decision to cross a street is based on remembering many earlier experiences.
Practice (or review) tends to build and maintain memory for a task or for any learned material. Over a period of no practice what has been learned tends to be forgotten; and the adaptive consequences may not seem obvious. Yet, dramatic instances of sudden forgetting can be seen to be adaptive. In this sense, the ability to forget can be interpreted to have survived through a process of natural selection in animals. Indeed, when one’s memory of an emotionally painful experience leads to serious anxiety, forgetting may produce relief. Nevertheless, an evolutionary interpretation might make it difficult to understand how the commonly gradual process of forgetting survived natural selection.
In thinking about the evolution of memory together with all its possible aspects, it is helpful to consider what would happen if memories failed to fade. Forgetting clearly aids orientation in time, since old memories weaken and the new tend to stand out, providing clues for inferring duration. Without forgetting, adaptive ability would suffer, for example, learned behaviour that might have been correct a decade ago may no longer be. Cases are recorded of people who (by ordinary standards) forgot so little that their everyday activities were full of confusion. This forgetting seems to serve that survival of the individual and the species.
Another line of thought assumes a memory storage system of limited capacity that provides adaptive flexibility specifically through forgetting. In this view, continual adjustments are made between learning or memory storage (input) and forgetting (output). Indeed, there is evidence that the rate at which individuals forget is directly related to how much they have learned. Such data offers gross support of contemporary models of memory that assume an input-output balance.
Text 4 习题
1.From the evolutionary point of view, ________.
[A] forgetting for lack of practice tends to be obviously inadaptive
[B] if a person gets very forgetful all of a sudden he must be very adaptive
[C] the gradual process of forgetting is an indication of an individual’s adaptability
[D] sudden forgetting may bring about adaptive consequences
2.According to the passage, if a person never forgot, ________.
[A] he would survive best
[B] he would have a lot of trouble
[C] his ability to learn would be enhanced
[D] the evolution of memory would stop
3. From the last paragraph we know that ________.
[A] forgetfulness is a response to learning
[B] the memory storage system is an exactly balanced input-output system
[C] memory is a compensation for forgetting
[D] the capacity of a memory storage system is limited because forgetting occurs
4. In this article, the author tries to interpret the function of ________.
[A] remembering
[B] forgetting
[C] adapting
[D] experiencing
Text 4全文翻译
过去的经历会影响日后的行为，这就表明存在着一种明显然而却非凡的脑力活动——记忆。没有被广泛称之为记忆的作用，学习就不可能发生。不断的练习实践对记忆产生了影响，从而成就了钢琴上的熟练弹奏、背诵诗歌，甚至阅读和理解这些文字。所谓的智力行为需要记忆能力，因为它是推理的基本要求。用于解决问题或者甚至是辨别出有问题存在的能力有赖于记忆。举例来说，一个穿过街道的决定是根据对许多以往经历的回忆而作出的。
练习(或者复习)有助于建立和保持对一项任务或任何学习过的材料的记忆。如果一段时间不练习，已学习到的知识往往会被遗忘;其适应性的结果可能表现得不明显。但是，戏剧性的突然遗忘的例子可以被看作为极具适应性。从这点看，遗忘的能力可以被理解为动物通过自然选择进程赢得了生存。的确，当一个人对一件情感上很痛苦的经历的记忆导致了严重的焦虑时，遗忘可以带来解脱。然而，进化论的解释可能会使人很难理解通常逐渐的遗忘过程是如何经自然选择生存下来的。
在思考记忆的进化过程及其他相关方面时，考虑下面这个问题是很有益处的，即，如果记忆不能渐渐消失将会出现什么情形。遗忘明显有助于时间的定位，因为旧的记忆淡化了，使新的记忆清晰醒目，为推断某事的持续时间提供了线索。没有遗忘，适应性能力就会受损。例如，十年前所学的正确行为现在也许不再被认为正确。案例记载了这样一些人，他们(按一般人的标准)忘记的事情太少以至于日常生活充满了困惑。因此，遗忘似乎有助于个人以及人类的生存。
另一条思路假设人的记忆存储系统储量有限，它专门通过遗忘来提供适应之灵活性。依此观点，学习或记忆储存(输入)与遗忘(输出)之间始终在不断地调节。的确，有证据显示个人遗忘的比率与他们学得的知识量的多少直接相关。这样的数据为认为输入—输出持衡的当代记忆模式提供了总体上的支持。
Text 4 重点句
Practice (or review) tends to build and maintain memory for a task or for any learned material. Over a period of no practice what has been learned tends to be forgotten; and the adaptive consequences may not seem obvious. Yet, dramatic instances of sudden forgetting can seem to be adaptive. In this sense, the ability to forget can be interpreted to have survived through a process of natural selection in animals. Indeed, when one's memory of an emotionally painful experience leads to serious anxiety, forgetting may produce relief. Nevertheless, an evolutionary interpretation might make it difficult to understand how the commonly gradual process of forgetting survived natural selection.
该句意义：
本段使用的关联词yet, in this sense, indeed, nevertheless是文章结构的标志词。该段首句先指出“渐进性遗忘的适应性的结果可能表现得不明显”。yet一词表明对上文结论的转折，也就是“戏剧性的突然遗忘却具有适应性”。in this sense表明下句为此句观点的延伸或解释说明，态度与上句一致。indeed一词表明此句仍然支持yet一句的观点。而nevertheless一词则表明与上述观点或态度的不同，或指出上述观点的不足。
在考研大纲中，对于写作的逻辑关系的表达，有着明确的多样性要求，所以上面的段落中所使用的连接方式，是我们一定要学习和借鉴的。
Text 4 习题答案
答案
1.From the evolutionary point of view, __.
1. 哪个符合进化论对遗忘的观点?
[A] forgetting for lack of practice tends to be obviously inadaptive
[A] 由于缺乏练习造成的遗忘往往是明显的不适应的表现
[B] if a person gets very forgetful all of a sudden he must be very adaptive
[B] 如果一个人突然变得很健忘，他肯定是非常适应生活的
[C] the gradual process of forgetting is an indication of an individual’s adaptability
[C] 逐渐的遗忘过程表明了人的适应能力
[D] sudden forgetting may bring about adaptive consequences
[D] 突然遗忘可能带来适应性结果
2. According to the passage, if a person never forgot __.
2.根据文章，如果一个人永远不会遗忘______。
[A] he would survive best
[A] 他将最适于生存
[B] he would have a lot of trouble
[B] 他会有很多麻烦
[C] his ability to learn would be enhanced
[C] 他的学习能力会得到提高
[D] the evolution of memory would stop
[D] 记忆的进化就会停止
3.From the last paragraph we know that__.
3.从最后一段得出的结论是__________。
[A] forgetfulness is a response to learning
[A] 遗忘是一种学习反应
[B] the memory storage system is an exactly balanced input-output system
[B] 记忆存储系统是一个输入输出完全平衡的系统
[C] memory is a compensation for forgetting
[C] 记忆力是对遗忘的一个补偿
[D] the capacity of a memory storage system is limited because forgetting occurs
[D] 记忆存储系统储量有限，这是由遗忘造成的
4. In this article, the author tries to interpret the function of_______.
4. 本文作者试图解释________的功能。
[A] remembering [A] 记忆
[B] forgetting [B] 遗忘
[C] adapting [C] 适应
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