2014高中英语语法大全：代词和数词

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　　代词和数词

　　代词

　　一. 人称代词

　　1. 主格和宾格

　　1) 通常，人称代词主格用做主语或表语;宾格用做动词或介词的宾语。句子的结构如有变

　　化，也应能加以分析，确定选用哪种形式。例如：

　　It was he who told a lie.

　　It’s not me (who / whom) he wants. (作宾语)

　　This is a secret;it's between you and me.(作介词宾语)

　　2) 人称代词宾格可用在比较状语从句一类的结构中代替主格。例如：

　　He is taller than me / I (am). I don't swim so well as her / she (does).

　　2. 两种所有格

　　人称代词所有格称为物主代词。物主代词分为两类：

　　① 形容词性的，如my, her, your, their等;

　　② 名词性的，如mine，hers，yours，theirs等。由于受汉语影响，我们常犯以下两种错误：

　　1) 漏用代词，主要是形容词性的物主代词，因为汉语中常常将它省略。例如：

　　I have done my homework.(不能说 * I have done homework.)

　　We clean our classroom every day.(不能说 * We clean classroom every day.)

　　2) 误用代词，混淆两种类型的物主代词，因为汉语中无此区别。例如：

　　That dictionary is not mine.(不能说 * That dictionary is not my.)

　　Mine is here.(不能说 * My is here.)

　　注意：形容词性的物主代词只能用作定语，必须与名词连用。例如 What's her name? I am your friend. 名词性的物主代词则可充当名词所能充当的各种句子成分。如：

　　Your pen is black;mine is blue.(作主语)

　　You haven't got a bike?You may use mine.(作宾语)

　　但是its一般不能单独使用。需要时可以用its own。如：

　　That's the cat's basket. It's its own.

　　3. 代词做短语动词宾语时的位置

　　当短语动词由“动词+副词”构成时，代词作宾语必须放在动词和副词中间，名词则不受此限制。如：

　　He looked up the word in the dictionary. He looked the word up in the dictionary. He looked it up in the dictionary.

　　但如果是由“动词+介词”构成的介词动词，代词作宾语还是要放在介词之后。例如： He's been looking for them all this morning.

　　二. 反身代词

　　1. “反身”用法

　　反身代词作句中宾语时，表示动作返回到主语本身。或者说，句子的主语和宾语是同一个人或物。例如：

　　He hurt himself.(作动词宾语)

　　Dick bought himself a new coat.(作间接宾语)

　　I heard Jane talk to herself.(作介词宾语)

　　2. 强调用法

　　反身代词用作同位语时，在句中起强调作用，其位置也比较灵活。例如：

　　I went to see the mayor myself.(强调主语)

　　We spoke to the mayor himself.(强调宾语)

　　The mayor himself met us at the door.(紧随主语之后)

　　The mayor met us at the door himself.(在句末)

　　3. 使用反身代词时的常见错误

　　反身代词一般不可用作句子中的主语、表语或定语。如：

　　* Ourselves can do it.(误作主语)

　　We can do it ourselves. 我们自己能干。

　　* I could hardly imagine that the car was himself.(误作表语)

　　I could hardly imagine that the car was his own. 简直难以想象那汽车是他自己的。

　　* That's myself problem.(误作定语)

　　That's a problem of my own.那是我自己的问题。

　　注意：在少数习惯表达中反身代词可不受语法限制。

　　I'm not myself today. (我今天不在状态/感觉不好。)

　　In office myself, I helped her get a job.

　　(我帮她在我自己的办公室找了一份工作。)

　　三. 不定代词

　　1. 用some还是用any

　　1) 一般说来，some用于肯定;any用于否定，例如：

　　There are some letters for you. There aren't any letters for me.

　　some。试比较：

　　Have you any apples? (I can't see any.)

　　Could I have some of those apples? (which I can see.)

　　3) 注意其它方式的否定因素也可决定应该用any，如：

　　I don't think there are any letters.(主句动词否定转移，从句中用any。) The boy solved the problem without any difficulty. (介词without含否定意味。) Oh! Any book will do;I just want something to read on the train.

　　Some boys haven't done their homework.(肯定有人没做，尽管不一定知道是多少人。) 2) 疑问句中，一般用any，如问话人心中已经有“数”，或认为对方会做出肯定回答时，用4) any在表示“任何(人或物)”时，可用于肯定句中： 5) 当说话人心中有“数”(尽管可能不是具体数字)时，否定句中也用some，如：

　　6) any可用条件从句中，表示情况不明或未定，如：

　　Let me know if you need any help.(不知道对方是否需要帮助。)

　　试比较： Let me know if you need some help.(知道能如何提供帮助。)

　　2. all和both

　　1) all和both后面的of可有可无。

　　All / Both (of) the desks are new.

　　注：Both the desks... = Both of the desks... = Both desks...(the或of the可有可无)

　　2) 注意下列两种句子里all/both的位置：

　　They all / both agree with me. I agree with them all / both.

　　句中all或both直接跟在代词(主格或宾格)之后作同位语;其它不定代词不能这样用。

　　3) all/both同频度副词一样，可位于句中(主、谓语之间或谓语动词结构之中)，如：

　　They all / both came. They were all / both waiting.

　　(注;each也能这样用，其它不定代词都不能。)

　　3. either与neither

　　either指“两者之中任何一个”，neither指“两者都不”通常与单数动词连用。但在非正式英语中也可与复数动词连用。例如：

　　You've got two answers. Either is correct. Neither is wrong.

　　There are trees on either/each side of the street.

　　Neither of the books is worth reading.(=Neither of the books are worth reading)

　　4. nobody, no one, nothing和none

　　nobody和no one指人，作单数，后面不能接of 短语,例如：

　　Nobody/No one knows why she was late again.

　　Nobody was hurt in the match，were they?(反意疑问句中，可用复数代词they来代替。) nothing指物，作单数;none指人或物，作单救或复数均可。none既可用于可数名词，也可用于不可数名词, 例如：

　　None of the money on the table is mine.

　　None of his reasons was/were true.

　　There's nothing on the table but a blue cap.

　　Of all my classmates， none likes dancing.

　　5. every与each

　　every强调的是“全体”;each则强调的是具体“每一个”。例如：

　　On every/each side of the square there were soldiers.

　　(The square has more than two sides。every side = each side =all sides表示“每边、各边”。) 试比较：

　　On either/each side of the road there were soldiers.

　　(The road has only two sides. either side= each side = both sides，表示二者之中“每一边”。) 此外，each可作名词性代词，如：

　　Each has two books.(each作主语)

　　We each are satisfied with our own rooms.

　　(each作同位语，常位于主语和谓语动词之间，谓语动词及代词等应与主语一致。)

　　6. other, the other和another

　　1) other表示“另外的(人或物)”，“其他的(人或物)”，其复数形式为others。例如： There are other ways of doing this exercise.

　　Lei Feng was always ready to he1p others.

　　2) the other表示两者之中的“另一个(人或物)”，其复数形式为the others，例如：

　　He has a pen in one hand and a book in the other.。

　　Only three of the students were in the classroom;the others were all on the playground.

　　当other泛指“别人”时，前面不加定冠词：

　　We must always be ready to help others.

　　3) another表示不定数目中的“另一个或类似的下个(人或物)”，还可与数词连用，表示“再，

　　又”的意思。例如：

　　How about another cup of tea?

　　The strike may last another two weeks.

　　7. one

　　1) one只可用于指代可数名词，其复数形式是ones。例如：

　　If you can't find your pen，use the one on the table.

　　What nice shirts!which one/ones shall we buy?

　　词所有格后面。例如：

　　His knife seems sharper than mine.(不能用 my one代替mine)

　　They don't like this town;they want very much to go back to their own.(不能用 * their own one代替their own 或 their own country)

　　但是，当one/ones前面还带有形容词时，则例外。如：

　　Have you any knives?I need a sharp one.

　　My old dictionary isn't as good as John's new one.

　　3) the/this/that one与that：

　　that可以指代不可数名词，而one不能。如：

　　The weather in Wuhan is much warmer than that in Tianjing. (that不能用the one取代) that后面常接of短语，例如：

　　This dictionary is more expensive than that one.(that one=that dictionary. one一般不省略)

　　The window of your room is much bigger than that of mine.(that=the window，它后面有of短语，一般不用the one替代)

　　有时候the one和that可以互相取代，如：

　　The gold ring is in that box --- the one(=that)with the key in the lock.

　　4) one可以泛指人，相当于you，we，people，其所有格为one's。例如：

　　One should do one's/his duty. 2) one/ones通常不能直接用在their，my，his等物主代词以及a(n)，own，several和名

　　数 词

　　1. 拼法需要当心的序数词

　　在first，second和third之后的序数词都由基数词加 -th构成，但要注意以下拼法略有变化： twentieth， thirtieth，

　　2. 序号的表示

　　1) 基数词放在名词之后，通常写作阿拉伯数，如：

　　page 4(P.4)读作page four Room301读作room three O [ou] one

　　Tel No.864412读作telephone number eight six double four one two

　　the Eighth Lesson(=Lesson Eight) the First Middle School(=Middle School No. 1) fortieth… fifth eighth ninth twelfth.. 2) 序数词放在名词之前，通常前面要加定冠词.如：

　　3. 数词后面的名词用单数还是用复数

　　表示计量时，基数词后面的名词用复数形式，但是在带有数字的复合名词(常用作定语)里，名词只用单数形式。试比较：

　　They baby is only six moths old.

　　I have five pounds. This is a six-moth-old baby. I have a five-pound note.

　　4. hundreds / thousands / millions of + 名词复数

　　hundred, thousand和million后加 –s与of连用，表示“数百、数千、数百万”。

　　He has bought hundreds of books this year.

　　Thousands of seagulls arrived to help the farmers save their crops.

　　5. dozen和score

　　用法与hundred, thousand, million基本相似dozens of和scores of均表示“几十个”。但有以下几点区别：

　　1) 在接具体名词复数时dozen后不加of，而score常与of连用。如：

　　two dozen books two score (of)books

　　three dozen of them 2) 若名词被限定词限定，dozen后应加of，接宾格代词亦如此。 three dozen of those (the, my, those) books

　　6. 表示不定数量的常用单词和词组

　　这些单词或词组与名词的搭配关系见下表