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Topaz
Topaz is a hard, transparent mineral. It is a compound of aluminum,silica, and fluorine. Gem topaz is valuable. Jewelers call this variety of the stone "precious topaz". The best-knownprecious topaz gems range in color from rich yellow to light brown or pinkishred. Topaz is one of the hardest gem minerals. In the mineral tableof hardness, it has a rating of 8, which means that a knife cannot cut it,and that topaz will scratch quartz.
The golden variety of precious topaz is quiteuncommon. Most of the world's topaz is white or blue. The white and bluecrystals of topaz are large, often weighing thousands of carats. For thisreason, the value of topaz does not depend so much on its size as it does withdiamonds and many other precious stones, where the value increases aboutfour times with each
doubling of weight. The value of a topaz is largelydetermined by its quality. But color is also important: blue topaz, forinstance, is often irradiated to deepen and improve its color.
Blue topaz is often sold as aquamarine and a varietyof brown quartz is widely sold as topaz. The quartz is much less brilliantand more plentiful than true topaz. Most of it is a variety of amethyst: thatheat has turned brown.
全文翻译：黄水晶
黄水晶是一种坚硬、透明的矿物质。 它是铝、硅和氟的化合物。 黄水晶宝石价值不菲。 珠宝商把这种石头称为"黄玉"。最出名的黄玉有各种颜色如深黄色、淡棕色、浅红色等。黄 水晶是最坚硬的宝石矿中的一种。在矿石硬度表上，它的硬度为 8，这表明刀子不能割开它而它可在石英上划痕。金黄色的黄玉品种非常罕见。 世界上大多数的黄水晶是白色或蓝色的。 这些白色或蓝色的黄水晶晶体很大，常常有数千克拉重。
由于这个原因，黄水晶的价值不像钻石和许多其它宝石那样主要依赖于其大小，重量翻一番价值即上升约四倍。黄水晶的价值很大程度上取决于其品质，但颜色也很重要。举例来说，蓝色的黄水晶常需放射处理以加深和改善其颜色。
蓝色的黄水晶常被作为海蓝宝石出售，许多种棕色石英被当 作黄水晶广为贩卖。石英光亮度远小于黄水晶，矿藏储量也远较黄水晶丰富。大多数石英是一种紫水晶，高温使其变为棕色。
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