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中考英语考点精讲:定语从句与同位语从句
定语从句和同位语从句在形式结构上基本相同,都跟在名词或代词之后,且又常由that引导。但它们的句法功能却不相同。我们可以从以下几个方面把它们区别开来:
1. 先行词的范围不同
定语从句的先行词范围很广,可以指人、物等,没有限制;同位语从句的被修饰词通常是少数一些表示抽象意义的名词,不指人。同位语从句修饰的词常见的有:belief, doubt, fact, hope, idea, news, thought, order, suggestion, wish, answer, information, conclusion, decision, knowledge, opinion, problem, promise, question, plan, report, truth, view等。例如:
① This is the place that / which we visited yesterday. 这就是昨天我们参观过的地方。(定语从句)
②The hope that all people will be rich is most difficult to come true. 人人富裕这个希望极难实现。(同位语从句)
2. 从句和先行词的关系不同
定语从句在复合句中相当于形容词,对先行词起修饰、描述或限制的作用,与先行 词之间有从属关系。同位语的作用相当于名词,对前面的名词给予补充说明或进一步解释,是前面名词的具体内容,与先行词之间是同位关系。例如:
①The news that she had passed the exam made her parents very happy. 她考试及格这个消息使她父母很高兴。(同位语从句) 此句中的同位语从句 The news that she had passed the exam可以改写成表语从句:The news is that he passed the exam.
②The news that he told us interested all of us. 他告诉我们的消息使大家都感兴趣。(定语从句)
The news that he told us 是定语从句,此句就不能改写为:The news is that he told us.
3. 引导词及其作用不同
引导定语从句的词是关系词,常见的关系词有that, which, who, whose, whom, when, where, why, as等。关系词除了连接主从句的作用外,还在定语从句中充当一定的句子成分,如主语、宾语、状语、定语、表语等。引导同位语从句的that只起连接主从句的作用,不在从句中担任任何成分。what, whether和how 可以引导同位语从句,但不能引导定语从句。例如:
①I’ll never forget the day when I saw the Great Wall.我永远不会忘记我见到长城的那一天。(定语从句,关系副词when作从句状语)
②The fact that (which) we talked about is very important.我们所谈论的那个事实很重要。(定语从句,that在从句中作about的宾语)
③The fact that he succeeded in the experiment pleased everybody.他实验成功这个事实使我们大家很高兴。(同位语从句,that只起连接作用)
④I have a doubt whether he will be warmly welcomed . 我怀疑他是否能受到热烈欢迎。(同位语从句)
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