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2021考研英语语法：强调句的复习精读
一、强调句的构成
It is +被强调部分+that( who ) +句子其他成分
【解析】现在时间为is过去时间为was被强调部分为动词外的任何成分强调对象为人则用who或者that强调对象为物则只能用that句子的其他成分为正常语序。
二、强调句的处理方法
去掉强调格式后，将被强调部分还原到句子中。
例1：It was she , a Baltimore printer , who published the first offcial copies of the Declaration , the first included the names of its signers and therefore heralded the support of all thirteen colonies .
【解析】
去掉强调格式后，还原句子为：She , a Baltimore printer , published the first official copies of the Declaration , the first copies that included the names of its signers and therefore heralded the support of all thirteen colonies 被强调对象为主与。
【译文】
她，巴尔的摩的印刷商，出版了第一本官方的《独立宣言》在这个版本里包含有每个签署者的名字，这样一来就表明了全部十三个殖民地的支持。
例2：Thus , in the American economic system it is the demand of individual consumers , coupled with the desire of businessmen to maximize profits and the desire of individuals to maximize their incomes , that together determine what shall be produced and how resources are used to produce it .
【解析】
去掉强调格式以后，句子还原为：Thus , in the American economic system ，the system , the demand of individual consumers , coupled with the desirs of businessmen to maximize profits and the desire of individuals to maximize their incomes , together determine what shall be produced and how resources are used to produce it .被强调对象为主语。
【译文】于是，在美国的经济系统中，个人消费者的需求，商人利润最大化的欲望及个人收入最大化的渴求，共同决定了应该生产什么产品，以及如何利用资源来成产这些产品。
例3：It was just a decade before this that many drug companies had found their vitamin sales skyrocketing and were quick to supply practicing physicians with generous samples of vitamins and literature extolling the virtue of supplementation for a variety of health-related conditions.
2021考研英语语法：独立主格的复习指导
一、独立主格的由来
独立主格在英语中存在的主要价值还是由语言简洁的要求决定的，它的产生是从状语开始的，并且在考研中也只考查其作为状语的情况。独立主格结构为两个句子在主语不同的情况下提供了将其合并为一个句子的可能，过简单的例子可以了解它的由来：
1、It is a hot day.
2、I stay at home.
这两个句子可以合并为一个：It being hot today, I stay at home.
其中，being 是可以被省略的，而且常常会在it being hot today之前加上介词with以表示其和一个句子的区别这样with it being hot today 就被称为独立主格结构。
二、独立主格的作用和处理方法
通常情况下，独立主格可以表示一下几种情况：
1、表示时间
例句：The meeting being over, all of us went home.
解析：the meeting being over相当于when the meeting was over。
2、表示条件
例句：The condition being favorable, he may succeed.
解析：the condition being favorable 相当于 if the condition is favorable。
3、表示原因
例句：There being no taxis, we had to walk.
解析：there being no taxis 相当于since there was no taxis。
4、表示伴随状况
例句：Almost all metals are good conductors, silver being the best of all.
解析：这句话相当于Almost all metals are good conductors, and silver is the best of all.
5、表示补充说明
例句：We redoubled our efforts, each man working like two.
解析：这句话相当于We redoubled our efforts, and each man works like two。
三、考研实例解析
阅读中通常将带有独立主格的句子改写为两个句子。下面一起来看一个考研中的句子：President Bush campaigned to move Social Security to a saving-account model, with retirees trading much or all of their guaranteed payments for payments depending on investment returns.
解析：with retirees trading much or all of their guaranteed payments for payments depending on investment returns为独立主格结构，可以改写为一个句子：Retirees trade much of all of their guaranteed payments for payments depending on investment returns.使两个句子前后为因果关系。
2021考研英语语法：动词不定式短语结构复习
一、动词不定式短语的结构
动词不定式短语的主干是由 to + 动词原形构成，动词不定式短语内部的动词可以跟自己的宾语、状语、表语等成分。动词不定式短语整体上在句中起名词，形容词和副词的作用，可以担任除谓语以外的其它任何成分。
二、动词不定式短语在句子中的作用
(1)动词不定式短语做主语：
To master a language is not an easy thing。
掌握一门语言不是一件容易的事情。
It's my pleasure to help you。
帮祝你是我的乐趣。
动词不定式做主语时可以放在后面，而用 it 作形式主语放在原主语的位置上。
It's necessary to find the witness。
有要找到目击者。
(2)动词不定式短语作宾语：
I like to help others as much as possible。
如果有可能的话，我喜欢帮助别人。
动词不定式短语作宾语补语：表示不定式的动作是由宾语发出。
We expect you to be with us.
我们希望你和我们在一起。
(3)动词+宾语+不带to的不定式作宾语补足语：感官动词：see, watch, notice, look at，hear使役动词：make, let, have(使得)，help(可带to, 也可不带to)
The teacher has his students write a composition every other week。
老师让同学们每隔一周写一篇作文。
Many things【make people think artists are weird】。
很多事情使人们觉得艺术家们很奇怪。
(4)动词不定式短语作表语：
The most urgent thing is to take legal measures immediately。当务之急是马上采取法律措施。
(5)动词不定式短语作定语：
There are many ways to solve the problem. 有许多方法能解决这个问题。
(6)动词不定式短语作状语：经常表示目的。
We went to the hospital to see our teacher. 我们去医院看了我们的老师。
She is making a test to get a kind of useful medicine from a Tibet flower。
她在做试验，以从一种西藏花中提取某种有用的药物。
三、动词不定式主干的否定形式
(1)not + to + 动词原形
The teacher told us not to swim in that river。
老师告诉我们不要在那条河里游泳。
It's unfair not to tell us.
没告诉我们真是不公平。
(2)带疑问词的动词不定式短语：
疑问词who, what, which, when, where, how, why 以及whether可以加在动词不定式短语的前面，构成不定式短语，使含义更加具体。整体上相当于一个名词短语。
Where to go is not known yet。
去什么地方还不知道。
I don't know when to begin.
我不知道什么时间开始。
(3)带逻辑主语的动词不定式短语：
为了特别说明动词不定式短语动作的发出者，动词不定式可以带有自己的逻辑主语，构成方法是： for + 逻辑主语 + 不定式。
注意：逻辑主语用宾格形式， for 本身无实际意义，它只表明后面的主语从逻辑上分析是不定式的主语。
It's necessary for us to help each other。
我们互相帮忙是要的。
There is much work for me to finish,
有许多工作要我去完成。
四、动词不定式短语的时态
(1)动词不定式短语一般时态：表示动作和句中谓语动词的动作同时发生或在之后发生。
I helped him to put the things into the car. 我帮助他把东西放进了汽车。
I want to see you again. 我想再见到你。
(2)动词不定式短语的完成时：表示动作在句中谓语动词的动作之前发生。
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