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2021考研英语：阅读做题的常用计策
一、语言简化
“语言简化”是命题专家使用语言时所必须遵守的一条重要原则。一般来说，一道题的
四个答案不仅长度差不多，语言的用词水平和语法难度也都差不多。此外，答案的文字难度一般低于文章本身，这也是对考生非常有利的一点，有时候甚至可以通过答案来帮助理解原文。
二、关键词替换
关键词替换是阅读理解题目中出现最频繁的命题原则，一般都会在正确答案中用原文某个关键词的同 义词或者近义词进行替代。或者从更广的意义上来说，有时候命题者会以和原文意思相同但是遣词造句不同的方式来设计正确答案，即用不同的话把原文的某个句子 重述一遍，而错误答案反而往往会看上去和原文差不多，这个时候考生需要仔细阅读加以区别。
【例题】This speeding up of life, says the Futurist, receives a new form of expression。
Futurists claim that we must___。(2000年第61题)
[A] increase the production of literature
[B] use poetry to relieve modern stress
[C] develop new modes of expression
[D] avoid using adjectives and verbs
【正确答案】C
三、正话反说
即选择用否定的方式(如双重否定，或者一个否定形式加上另一个否定词如never，none等)来表述文中用肯定方式所表述的本内容，两者的意思是相同的。
【例题】How many men would have considered the possibility of an apple falling up into the tree? Newton did because he was not trying to predict anything. He was just wondering. His mind was ready for the unpredictable. Unpredictability is part of the essential nature of research. If you don’t have unpredictable things, you don’t have research. Scientists tend to forget this when writing their cut and dried reports for the technical journals, but history is filled with examples of it. (1999年第68题)
The author asserts that scientists ________。
[A] shouldn’t replace “scientific method” with imaginative thought
[B] shouldn’t neglect to speculate on unpredictable things
[C] should write more concise reports for technical journals
[D] should be confident about their research findings
【正确答案】B
四、反话正说
顾名思义，即文中用否定方式来表述一定的内容，而选项中用肯定的方式把同样的意思在表述一遍。
【例题】Few Americans attribute this solely to such obvious causes as a devalued dollar or the turning of the business cycle。(2000年第54题)
The author seems to believe the revival of the U.S. economy in the 1990s can be attributed to the ________。
[A] turning of the business cycle
[B] restructuring of industry
[C] improved business management
[D] success in education
【正确答案】A
2021年考研英语：阅读理解的三大策略
一、利用阅读理解背单词
有些小伙伴面临着这样的困境，单词背了很多遍，但在做真题的发现对于很多单词看着眼熟却忘记了这个单词的意思。更有太多的单词，及时记住了它在词典中的意思，记住了它的词性，但是把它放在阅读理解中文章并不通顺。这种情况就是由于在背单词的时候只会死记硬背。考研英语注重的是考查单词的深度和广度。所以说，大家在复习的时候不仅要把单词的基本意义背熟背会，更要将阅读理解中出现的不认识的单词放到文章的语境中，体会其引申含义，根据上下文推测出这个单词在文章中的具体含义。
二、对真题进行泛读和精读
泛读是指在阅读一篇文章的时候不要求每一句话都理解的很清楚，在遇到读不通的句子的时候可以根据上下文语境来猜测这句话的意思。而精度是指在阅读一篇文章的时候要读通读透这篇文章，对文章中的每一个细节都非常了解。如何利用这两种方法来做阅读理解呢?首先在看到一篇阅读理解的时候可以先泛读一遍，遇到不理解的句子可以标记出来并猜测其含义。泛读之后再去看题目，然后将题目进行文中定位。定位之后就需要将定位段详细地精读一遍，再结合文章主题看选项选出正确答案。
三、文章主旨要抓清
中心主旨对于很多考生来说是一个很抽象很难把握的东西。阅读理解的题目设计都是围绕着中心主旨展开的，抓住中心主旨，就抓住了一篇文章的灵魂。找出文章中心主旨的方法有很多：阅读题干，重复率最高的一个单词或短语往往和中心主旨有很大关系;阅读文章，反复出现的单词就是核心词，抓住核心词也就抓住了中心主旨了;英语文章的中心主旨句常常出现在第一段，对第一段进行精读，往往就可以抓住中心主旨了。
2021考研英语：阅读强化的做题步骤
首先，段落推理题目题干中的标志词为infer,learn,imply, conclude, suggest, indicate等;以及段落标志词paragraph 3，the first paragraph, the first two paragraphs，当只有这两种词出现时，即可判定其为段落推理题。其次，推理题的常考出题点：1.段落首末句、主题句、观点句;2.与主题密切相关的细节;3、转折的地方;4.强调或者递进关系的地方。考研英语阅读中推理题通常为正反推理和归纳总结。最后，做题时考生还要记住以下几点：1、主题大于细节，观点大于论据;2、推理必须以原文为依据;3、特别关注转折，弄清转折前后内容的逻辑关系。
推理题解题步骤如下：
首先，根据题干关键词，判断是否为段落推断题。段落推断题关键词为Paragraph5和show, infer, learn, imply等。
其次，迅速找到段落中心句并仔细阅读该句。段落中心句往往是段落考察的重点，因此考生可以重点分析段落中心句。
最后，段落中心句和选项进行精确比对，直击答案。
下面以最近十年真题为例，为大家详细剖析段落推理题解题秘诀。
真题：2006年Text 2
27. It can be inferred from Paragraph 3 that ________。
[A] the sightseers cannot visit the Castle and the Palace separately
[B] the playgoers spend more money than the sightseers
[C] the sightseers do more shopping than the playgoers
[D] the playgoers go to no other places in town than the theater
The tourist streams are not entirely separate. The sightseers who come by bus -- and often take in Warwick Castle and Blenheim Palace on the side -- don’t usually see the plays, and some of them are even surprised to find a theatre in Stratford. However, the playgoers do manage a little sight-seeing along with their playgoing. It is the playgoers, the RSC contends, who bring in much of the town’s revenue because they spend the night (some of them four or five nights) pouring cash into the hotels and restaurants. The sightseers can take in everything and get out of town by nightfall。
【直击答案】根据题干可知，本题为单段落推理题。本段有转折词however 和观点句the RSC contends, 这两句任选一句为段落中心句，或者两句联合理解，即可选出正确答案。However, the playgoers do manage a little sight-seeing along with their playgoing. (看戏的人除了看戏还要进行一些观光。)It is the playgoers, the RSC contends, who bring in much of the town’s revenue because they spend the night (some of them four or five nights) pouring cash into the hotels and restaurants。(RSC认为，恰恰是看戏的人给小镇带了大多数的收入，因为他们他们过夜(有些人4到5天)向酒店和餐馆注入现金。两句都强调“看戏的人给小镇带来了大多数的收入”因此正确答案为B the playgoers spend more money than the sightseers(看戏的人比观光的人花更多的钱)。
真题：2006年Text 2
26. From the first two paragraphs, we learn that ________。
[A] the townsfolk deny the RSC’s contribution to the town’s revenue
[B] the actors of the RSC imitate Shakespeare on and off stage
[C] the two branches of the RSC are not on good terms
[D] the townsfolk earn little from tourism
Stratford-on-Avon, as we all know, has only one industry -- William Shakespeare -- but there are two distinctly separate and increasingly hostile branches. There is the Royal Shakespeare Company (RSC)， which presents superb productions of the plays at the Shakespeare Memorial Theatre on the Avon. And there are the townsfolk who largely live off the tourists who come, not to see the plays, but to look at Anne Hathaway’s Cottage, Shakespeare’s birthplace and the other sights。
The worthy residents of Stratford doubt that the theatre adds a penny to their revenue. They frankly dislike the RSC’s actors, them with their long hair and beards and sandals and noisiness. It’s all deliciously ironic when you consider that Shakespeare, who earns their living, was himself an actor (with a beard) and did his share of noise-making。
【直击答案】根据题干可知，本题为双段落推理题。答案一般为第二段段落中心句。考生找到第二段段落中心句，即可找出题目答案。第二段是总分结构，因此首句为第二段段落中心句“The worthy residents of Stratford doubt that the theatre adds a penny to their revenue。(斯特拉特福德的居民怀疑剧院增加了他们的收入一分钱。)因此，可以推出选项A the townsfolk deny the RSC’s contribution to the town’s revenue(小镇居民否认剧院为小镇收入做出了贡献)为正确答案。
细节推理题解题步骤如下：
首先，根据题干关键词，判断是否为细节推理题。细节推理题，顾名思义，既具有细节题的特征，也具有推理题的特征。细节题的关键词为名词、动词、形容词。推理题关键词为Paragraph5和show, infer, learn, imply等。
其次，迅速找到段落中心句并仔细阅读该句。由于细节推断题必定涉及到该段落的具体信息，而段落中心句往往是段落考察的重点，所以考生可以重点分析段落中心句。
最后，段落中心句和选项进行精确比对，直击答案。细节推断题的正确答案是一般为段落中心句的同义改写。因此，考生能否准确理解段落中心句是能否做对推理题的关键。
下面以2012年真题为例，为大家详细剖析推理题解题秘诀。
真题：2012年Text 1
24. Paragraph 5 shows that our imitation of behaviors __________。
[A] is harmful to our networks of friends
[B] will mislead behavioral studies
[C] occurs without our realizing it
[D]can produce negative health habits
There’s no doubt that our peer groups exert enormous influence on our behavior. An emerging body of research shows that positive health habits—as well as negative ones—spread through networks of friends via social communication. This is a subtle form of peer pressure: we unconsciously imitate the behavior we see every day。
【直击答案】根据题干our imitation of behaviors, Paragraph5, shows可知，本题为细节推断题。本段段落中心句为最后一句(特殊标点“冒号”)：“This is a subtle form of peer pressure: we unconsciously imitate the behavior we see every day。”(……我们下意识地模仿每天看到的行为)，可以判断选项C“(行为模仿)在我们没有意识到的情况下发生”是正确答案。选项A“不利于我们的朋友网络”，选项B“将误导行为研究”，和选项D“会产生不良健康习惯”，并未在本段提到。
真题：2012年Text 3
32. It can be inferred from Paragraph 2 that credibility process requires _________。
[A] strict inspection [B] shared efforts
[C] individual wisdom [D] persistent innovation
Consequently, discovery claims should be thought of as protoscience. Similar to newly staked mining claims, they are full of potential. But it takes collective scrutiny and acceptance to transform a discovery claim into a mature discovery. This is the credibility process, through which the individual researcher’s me, here, now becomes the community’s anyone, anywhere, anytime. Objective knowledge is the goal, not the starting point。
【直击答案】根据题干credibility process requires, Paragraph 2, infer可知，本题为细节推断题。本段段落中心句为第三句(转折标志词but)：“But it takes collective scrutiny and acceptance to transform a discovery claim into a mature discovery。”(但是要把声称发现转换到真正的科学发现需要共同的监察与认可)，可以判断选项B“共同努力”是正确答案，collective对应shared，efforts对应scrutiny and acceptance。选项A“严格的检查”，选项C“个人的智慧”和选项D“持续的创新”，并未在本段提到。
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