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被动语态的构成与用法
被动语态的构成
被动语态由“助动词be+及物动词的过去分词”构成。助动词be有人称、时态和数的变化。
被动语态的用法有哪些
一、被动语态的构成形式
1.被动语态的基本时态变化
被动语态通常为十种时态的被动形式,被动语态由be过去分词构成,be随时态的变化而变化。以do为例,各种时态的被动语态形式为:
1)am/is/are done (过去分词) 一般现在时。
2)has /have been done 现在完成时。
3)am/is /are being done 现在进行时。
4)was/were done 一般过去时。
5)had been done 过去完成时。
6)was/were being done 过去进行时。
7)shall/will be done 一般将来时。
8)should/would be done 过去将来时。
9)shall/will have been done 将来完成时(少用)。
2.被动语态的特殊结构形式
1)带情态动词的被动结构。其形式为:情态动词be过去分词。
2)有些动词可以有两个宾语,在用于被动结构时,可以把主动结构中的一个宾语变为主语,另一宾语仍然保留在谓语后面。通常变为主语的是间接宾语。
3)当“动词 宾语 宾语补足语”结构变为被动语态时,将宾语变为被动结构中的主语,其余不动。
4)在使役动词have,make,get以及感官动词see,watch,notice,hear,feel,observe等后面不定式作宾语补语时,在主动结构中不定式to要省略,但变为被动结构时,要加to。
5)有些相当于及物动词的动词词组,如“动词介词”,“动词副词”等,也可以用于被动结构,但要把它们看作一个整体,不能分开。其中的介词或副词也不能省略。
3.非谓语动词的被动语态
v. ing 形式及不定式 to do 也有被动语态(一般时态和完成时态)。
二、如何使用被动语态
学习被动语态时,不仅要知道被动语态的各种语法结构,还要知道在哪些情况中使用被动语态。
1.讲话者不知道动作的执行者或不必说出动作的执行者(这时可省by短语)。
2.借助被动的动作突出动作的执行者。
3.为了更好地安排句子。
三、It is said that 从句及其他类似句型
一些表示“据说”或“相信”的动词如believe,consider,expect,report,say,suppose,think等可以用于句型“It be 过去分词 that从句”或“主语 be 过去分词 to do sth.”。有:
It is said that… 据说,It is reported that…据报道,It is believed that…大家相信,It is hoped that…大家希望,It is well known that…众所周知,It is thought that…大家认为,It is suggested that…据建议。
四、谓语动词的主动形式表示被动意义
1.英语中有很多动词如break,catch,clean,drive,lock,open,sell,read,write,wash等,当它们被用作不及物动词来描述主语特征时,常用其主动形式表达被动意义,主语通常是物。
2.表示“发生、进行”的不及物动词和短语,如:happen,last,take place,break out,come out,come about,come true,run out,give out,turn out等以主动形式表示被动意义。
3.系动词没有被动形式,但有些表示感受、感官的连系动词feel,sound,taste,book,feel等在主系表结构中常以主动形式表示被动意义。
五、非谓语动词的主动形式表被动意义
在某些句型中可用动名词和不定式的主动形式表被动意义。
1.在need,want,require,bear等词的后面,动名词用主动形式表示被动意义,其含义相当于动词不定式的被动形式。
2.形容词worth后面跟动名词的主动形式表示被动含义,但不能跟动词不定式;而worthy后面跟动词不定式的被动形式。
3.动词不定式在名词后面作定语,不定式和名词之间有动宾关系时,又和句中另一名词或代词构成主谓关系,不定式的主动形式表示被动含义。
4.在某些“形容词不定式”做表语或宾语补足语的结构中,句子的主语或宾语又是动词不定式的逻辑宾语时,这时常用不定式的主动形式表达被动意义。这些形容词有nice,easy,fit,hard,difficult,important,impossible,pleasant,interesting等。
5.在too… to…结构中,不定式前面可加逻辑主语,所以应用主动形式表示被动意义。
6.在there be…句型中,当动词不定式修饰名词作定语时,不定式用主动式作定语,重点在人,用被动形式作定语,重点在物。
7.在be to do结构中的一些不定式通常应用主动表主动,被动表被动。然而,由于古英语的影响,下列动词rent,blame,let等仍用不定式的主动形式表示被动意义。
拓展阅读:被动语态句型
1.一般现在时的被动语态结构为: is/are/am + 过去分词
Now we are not allowed to touch it. 现在不许我们再动它。
Our classroom is cleaned everyday. 我们的教室每天都有打扫。
I am asked to more social affairs than I have time to attend. 社交活动太多,我应接不暇。
I like this boy but I'm not allowed to date? 我喜欢这男孩,但我不能和他约会。
Are they well prepared? 他们准备充分吗?
How is the word spelt? 这单词怎样拼写?
Where are all the athletes housed? 运动员被安置在哪里?
2.一般过去时的被动语态结构为: was/were + 过去分词
Many people were hurt in that accident. 很多人在那起事中受伤。
Each stone was marked with a number. 每块石头标有一个数字。
The Egyptian pyramids are huge. Why were they built? 埃及金字塔很大。它们为何而建?
3. 一般将来时的被动语态结构为: will/shall be + 过去分词
He will be caught soon! 他很快就会被抓住!
The results of the examination won't be given out. 这次考试成绩将不予公布。
We shall be punished if we break the rule. 如果我们违反规定,我们将要受到惩罚。
Will they be treated fairly in the game? 他们在比赛中会得到公评对待吗?
When will these books be published? 这些书将在什么时候出版?
4.过去将来时的被动语态结构为:
a)would be +过去分词
He said that his homework would be finished soon. 他说他很快可以做完作业。
I didn't expect that I would be given the prize. 我未曾料到我会获奖。
b)was/were going to be + 过去分词
The manager said that the problems were going to be settled. 经理说问题将得到解决。
He knew he was going to be beaten. 他自知会被打败。
Were they going to be forced to get married at this young age? 他们这么年轻就要被迫结婚吗?
5.现在进行时的被动语态结构为: is/are/am + being + 过去分词
Your proposal is being actively considered. 你的建议正获积极考虑。
I've just had a car accident, and I'm being sent to the nearest hospital. 我刚遭遇了车祸,正被送住附近医院途中。
The gang are being hunted by the police. 警察正在追捕这帮歹徒。
Are the babies being taken care of by this nurse? 这些婴儿正由这个护士照看吗?
6.过去进行时的被动语态结构为: was/were + being + 过去分词
The troops were being prepared for battle. 部队已作好战斗准备。
I had the impression that I was being followed. 我感觉到有人正跟踪我。
7.现在完成时的被动语态结构为: have/has been + 过去分词
He hasn't been caught yet. 他还没被抓住。
During the course of history, many agreements have been made between France and England. 法英两国在历史上曾达成过许多协议。
Has the new training centre been set up in our town? 我们镇上新的培训中心建好了吗?
8.过去完成时的被动语态结构为: had + been + 过去分词
It amazed me that he had been promoted. 获悉他已被提升,我大吃一惊。
The safe had been blown by the thieves. 保险箱被窃贼炸开了。
9.带情态动词的被动语态
a)情态动词的被动语态结构通常为: 情态动词 + be + 过去分词
I'm sure that John and Margaret can be brought together. 我相信约翰和玛格丽特会言归于好。
Can the fruit be kept in the fridge for long? 水果在冰箱里可以长时间保存吗?
Your money can't be withdrawn until three months later. 三个月后你才能提款。
This must be done immediately. 这事必须立即处理。
Must the trees be watered now?这些树必须现在浇水吗?
The books mustn't be taken out of the reading-room.这些书不得拿出阅览室。
All these things may be put together. 所有这些东西可以放在一起。
Every effort ought to be made to get him to a hospital. 应想方设法送他到医院。
b)情态动词后也可以加完成时态的被动语态。
The book may have been misplaced somewhere else. 这本书可能被错放到别处去了。
The two essays are very similar, so one must have been copied from the other. 这两篇文章很雷同,因此其中一篇一定是抄袭了另一篇。
These bills should have been paid before now. 这些帐单已逾期未付。