完型填空解题技巧
英语知识运用是一种综合测试方式。通过研究历年考题发现,考生要准确补全文章空白 处,使其意义连贯,应实现四种类型的语篇衔接,即语义衔接、逻辑衔接、结构衔接和惯用 衔接。要实现这四种衔接,考生可联系上下文逻辑关系,或依据一些线索词来完成。以下将 从词汇、语法、语篇三个层面介绍一下这四种衔接的特点、反映在试题上的考点及其做题技 巧。
(一)词汇
1.利用动词词组中的介词或副词确定正确选项
如果我们认识某一词组,可根据自己的判断毫不犹豫地选择你认为是正确的选项。如果 不认识或拿不准它们的意义,我们可以根据动词后边的介词或副词进行推导。
2.利用固定搭配或习惯用语
四级词汇题目涉及对各种短语、固定词组和惯用语的测试,其所占的比例相当大。测试范围包括动词短语、动词与其他词语构成的习语、介词短语、形容词短语等。这类词组主要是习惯性和固定搭配用法,不能主观臆测,也不能随意创造,只能靠死记硬背。
3.根据邻近原则,利用词语意义的互相联系,确定选择的依据。
(1)选项为名词时,其前后的名词为选择的依据。
(2)选项为动词、动词词组(包括动名词、动词的分词形式)时,其前后的动词、名词、介词为选择依据。
(3)选项为形容词时,可以其前后出现的名词、动词、副词、介词为依据。
(4)选项为副词时,其前后出现的动词、形容词、副词为判断依据。
(二)语法
熟悉历年考题中常出现的语法考点。
分析前后分句间的逻辑等同关系,进行逻辑推理,从而确定正确选项在完型填空中,句子间的逻辑关系主要包括:
表示并列关系的连接词有and,while等。
表示转折关系的连接词有but,however,though,whereas,nevertheless,although,yet,on the contrary,otherwise,on the other hand,after all,for all,still,notwithstanding等。
表示顺序关系的连接词有before,after,and,to begin with,first,firstly,second, secondly,出en,next,finally,and so on等。
表示解释关系的连接词有that is to say,in other words,to put it another way等。
表示因果关系的连接词有so,therefore,thus,because,accordingly,as a result, consequently,hence,for this reason,for,since, as等。
表示让步关系的连接词有though,although,despite,in spite of,after all,even though,even if, while,whereas等。
表示条件关系的连接词有it, unless,once,provided that,in case (of)等。
表示附加说明、例证的连接词有likewise, similarly,in a like manner,for example,for instance,incidentally,indeed,in fact,in other words,in particular,specifically,that is,to illustrate等。
表示概括总结的连接词有so,in brief,in short,in conclusion,in a word,on the whole, generally speaking, to sum up, to summarize, to conclude等。
(三)语篇
1.利用句中的释义、同位替代或定语解释
在阅读过程中碰到意义不清的词语,有时句子本身就包含一些线索,如同义、反义关系、定义、比喻、同位语、举例、归纳、归类等等,考生要学会在句中找出这些线索,从而更好地理解短文内容。
2.通过理解上下文语义,根据相关线索词(尤其是连接词)作逻辑推理
(1)原因、结果:表示某一事物发生的原因。表示原因的连词写在表示原因的句子内,结果连词用来连接某一事物所引起的结果。表达原因、结果的常用词或词组有:because,since,as,due to the fact that,so,therefore,thus,hence,accordingly,consequently,as a result,as a consequence,now that,in that等。
(2)转折、让步:它表示后一种观点或事实与前一种观点或事实相比有些出乎意料。常用的词或词组有:however,vet,but,anyhow,anyway,nevertheless,in spite of等。
(3)比较、对比:比较关系表示意义上的相似关系;对比关系表示意义上的不同或相反。表达比较、对比的常见词和词组有:in comparison,by comparison,like,as,just as,in contrast,by contrast,conversely,oppositely,on the contrary,instead of,rather than等。
(4)列举:指叙述一系列相关的事实、观点等。表示列举逻辑关系的可以是单词,也可以是词组,常见的有:first(ly),second(ly),third(ly)…;first,next,then,last:one,two,three…;for one thing,for another thing…等。
(5)补充:表示对前一个事实或观点做进一步的阐述。表示这种逻辑关系的词或词组常用的有:also,too,similarly,further,moreover,likewise,in addition,furthermore,what's more,not only…but also…,some…others…等。
3.根据上下文,寻找连接通篇的复现词语
词汇的复现关系是指某一词以原词、指代词、同义词、近义词、反义词、概括词等出现在语篇中,句子通过这种重现关系得到了相互衔接。根据这一原则,有时某一个空格所对应的答案可能就是在上下文中复现的相关词。我们可以根据这些复现词之间的有机联系找到正确的答案。考试题中出现的同现现象主要是动词与名词的同现、形容词与名词的同现、名词与名词的同现。
4.参照语境,利用文章线索、举例或提示
所谓语境就是我们常说的上下文。广义的语境指所有的上下文,段与段之间、句子与句子之间、句子与段之间的语义关系。一切语义的理解都离不开上下文。狭义的语境是指句子内部的词语在语义上的联系,我们根据这些联系和选项的辨析选出正确的答案,这种语境原则上应与词汇水平中的辨析结合起来。
由于完型填空的短文是一个意义完整、上下关联的语篇,它所讨论的是同一主题,行文中的替代现象和词语重复都是不可避免的。因此在解答时,应该瞻前顾后,寻找相关线索,如同义、近义词,有时甚至直接搬用文章中的词语或短语。考生应该学会跳出句子层次的樊篱,联系句际间的意义衔接和前后段落的呼应关系,在大范围内进行总体把握,形成“全景式”的考虑。
5.利用文章相关背景知识和常识
完型填空短文的内容经常涉及到的是日常生活或常识。例如,2002年考到的短文是关于媒体的发展历史及信息社会。如果出现这种情况,要善于利用相关背景或常识来增强理解,帮助答题。
I made up my mind to drive to South Carolina to meet my friends in my used car. Though I had only been there once 1 and did not know the 2 very well. I was on the 3 after I had made some inquiries (询问).
At Ashvelle, there was a crossroad where I could go on along the main road or I could take a short cut. The short cut was to 4 several hills and was dangerous ,I hesitated (犹豫)for a little while and then chose the main road, for I wanted to be 5 .
Something strange happened after I drove a long 6 and found it was not the correct road that I wanted to 7, but the hilly road I decided to avoid .I realized that it was at the 8 that I had made the 9 mistake. “What shall I do?” I asked myself .If I went back to take that road again, it would be very late by the time I got to Columbia. Thin it 10 , I decided to go on. “If 11 people can go along this road, why can’t I?” I 12 myself
The short cut, to my surprise ,was not that 13 .In fact, it was only a very peaceful country road, 14 up and down two low 15 .There was 16 traffic. On both sides of the road, you could see trees, wild flowers, and 17 with cows and horses. My fear was 18 with the wind. Listening to the beautiful country music over my car stereo (立体声), I drove on and 19 the scenery which was so quiet and so natural .Even my used car forgot to give me 20 .It was just in this light heartedness that I arrived at my destination. My friends, after they heard what had happened to me, all said it sounded like an adventure.
1. A. beforeB. agoC. alreadyD. still
2. A. townB. countryC. friendsD. way
3. A. trainB. carC. highwayD .phone
4. A. haveB. goC. rideD. cross
5. A. safeB. dangerousC. fastD. slow
6. A. momentB. wayC. roadD. day
7. A. comeB. leaveC. takeD. drive
8. A. crossroadB. cornerC. stationD. beginning
9. A. directionB. roadC. disappointedD. interesting
10. A. aboutB. overC. ofD. up
11. A. anotherB. the otherC. otherD. others
12. A. askedB. forcedC. encouragedD. told
13. A. farB. safeC. dangerousD. dirty
14. A. goingB. comingC. drivingD. walking
15. A. landsB. carsC. farmsD. hills
16. A. heavyB. littleC. fewD. light
17. A. farmsB. trucksC. housesD. villages
18. A. togetherB. goneC. coveredD. coming
19. A. lookedB. likedC. enjoyedD. found
20. A. happinessB. sceneryC. joysD. problems
参考答案:
1~5 ADCDA6~10 BCAAB11~15 CCCAD16~20 BABCD
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