副词
副词的作用是修饰动词，也可以修饰形容词和其他副词甚至整个句子，用以表示时间、地点、状态或程度。
中考热点：程度副词及频率副词的用法，词义辨析和级
1.副词的种类
1)按照词意，副词有下列几种：
①时间副词：today 今天，yesterday 昨天，now 现在，soon 很快，already 已经，before在……以前(时间副词是确定句子时态的重要标志，所以一定要牢固掌握不同失态的时间标志)
②地点副词：here 在这里，there 在那里，in 在家，out 在外，home 家(地点副词和动词连用时不加介词)
③程度副词：almost 几乎，enough 足够，very 很，much 很，nearly 几乎(有些程度副词可以修饰形容词的原级，有些副词常用来修饰形容词的比较级)
④方式副词：slowly 慢慢地，fast 快快地 ，carefully 仔细地，badly 糟糕地，well 好(方式副词大多数由“adj.+ly”构成)
⑤频度副词：often 经常，always 总是，usually 通常，sometimes 有时，never 从不，seldom 很少 ，once 曾经(频度副词放在实义动词前，助/系/情态动词后)(频度副词属于时间副词)
⑥其它副词：also也,either也,only仅仅，perhaps可能
⑦关系副词：where, when, why, how等。(关系副词常用来引导从句)
⑧疑问副词：where, when, why, how, how long, how often, how soon, how far等。(疑问副词常用来构成特殊疑问句)
例题1：—Is the physics problem ____?
—Yes, I can work it out ______.
A .easy, easily B. easy, easy C. easily, easy D. easily, easily
例题2：–I didn’t know you take a bus to school.
-Oh, I ______ take a bus, but it is snowing today.
A. hardly B. never C. sometimes D. usually
例题3：Remember to e-mail me. All of us hope to hear from you _________.
A. quickly B. soon C. fast D. quick
2)按照结构，副词可分为：
①简单副词：hard, once, often, soon, far
②合成副词(或复合副词，由两个单词构成)：tonight 今晚，nowhere 没有地方，meanwhile 在期间，sometime 在某时。
③短语副词(通过连词把两个副词连接起来的词组)：now and then 不时地，here and there 到处，up and down 上上下下，again and again 一次又一次地。
④派生副词(通常在形容词词尾加后缀-ly而成副词)：happy--happily 幸福地，quick--quickly 迅速地，slow--slowly 缓慢地，usual--usually 通常
2.副词的用法
①作状语：主要用于修饰动词、形容词、副词、数词或全句。
He is working hard on the problem.。(修饰动词)
The boy is too young to it..(修饰形容词)
The girl swims quite far. (修饰副词)
Unfortunately, he was out.(修饰整个句子)
②作表语：作表语的副词多数是表示位置或状态的，如：in, on, out, back, down, up, off, away, upstairs。
Tom, is your father in?
Sorry, he is out.
Class is over.
③少数地点副词和时间副词可以做定语，此时副词作定语和介词做定语一样，一律放在所修饰词的后面。
The new words below are easy to remember.
The weather here is very hot in July.
She always meets him on her way home.
④作宾语补足语(复合宾语)：
When the young man got off the bus, he nearly knocked the child down .
“Don’t leave me alone at home.” The boy cried.
May I ask the girl in?
⑤修饰介词短语：
He was then nearly to the top of Mount Tai.
He is often out of tune whenever he sings.
例题4：Her mother was out. She stayed at home___, but she didn't feel ___.
A. alone, lonely B. lonely alone C. alone, lonely D. lonely, alone
例题5：I can type _________ than I can write by hand.
A. fast B. more faster C. much faster D. fastest
3. 副词的位置
1)地点副词、时间副词和方式副词一般放在句末。如：
It’s raining hard outside.(地点副词)
They met in China last year.(时间副词)
The students are reading English loudly.(方式副词)
注：①有时为了强调，也可把时间副词放在句首。
Tomorrow I’ll meet him at the station.
②时间副词和地点副词前一定不要加介词。
She is on her way home.
They met in China last year.
2)频度副词在句中的位置有两种：
①实义动词之前：
I usually play football on Friday afternoon.
I seldom watch TV.
②be动词、情态动词和第一助动词之后：
Mr. Green is always busy.
I have ever seen him before
He can never understand.
3)程度副词有下列两种情况
①修饰动词时，它在剧中的位置与频度副词的情况相似。
He is almost forty years old.(在be动词之后)
He can hardly understand you.(情态动词之后)
I really like the boy.(在实义动词之前)
②修饰形容词、副词时，放在它所修饰的形容词和副词的后边。
He studies much harder now.
He runs fast enough. (enough放在它所修饰的形容词或副词的后面)
The computer is good enough.
例题6：If we work with a strong will, we can overcome any difficulty, ________ great it is.
A. what B. how C. however D. whatever
4. 副词的排列顺序
①地点副词、时间副词，小单位的在前，大单位在后。
She was born in Shenyang Liaoning province.
He went to Beijing on Monday last week.
②方式副词，短的在前，长的在后，并用and或but等连词连接。
Please write slowly and carefully.
③多个不同副词排列：程度+方式副词+地点+时间副词。
They played fairly well there yesterday.
The children played games very quietly in their room yesterday.
注意：①副词very 可以修饰形容词，但不能修饰动词。
改错：(错) I very like English.
(对) I like English very much.
②副词enough要放在形容词的后面，形容词enough放在名词前后都可。
I don't know him well enough.
There is enough food for everyone to eat.
There is food enough for everyone to eat.
例题7：Don’t worry, sir. I’m sure I can turn ______ to catch up with them. (2005厦门)
A. fast enough B. enough fast C. slowly enough D. enough slowly
5.副词比较等级的用法
1) 副词的比较级和最高级与形容词一样的比较级和最高级用法基本相同.
①一般构成规律：
词的特征变 化例 词
原 级比较级最高级
一般单音节词直接加-er, -eststrong
highstronger
higherstrongest
highest
以e结尾的词加-r, -stwide
nicewider
nicerwidest
nicest
以单个辅音字母(非r)结尾的单音节词双写末尾的辅音字母，再加-er, -estfat
thinfatter
thinnerfattest
thinnest
以辅音字母+y结尾的双音节词变y为i，再加-er,-estheavy
happyheavier
happierheaviest
happiest
少数以-er, -ow结尾的双音节词直接加-er; -estclever
narrowcleverer
narrowercleverest
narrowest
多数双音节词
多音节词和
源于分词的形容词在原级前加more, moststupid
difficult
tiredmore stupid
more difficult
more tiredmost stupid
most difficult
most tired
②常见的不规则变化：
原 级比较级最高级
good/wellbetterbest
bad/badly/illworseworst
many/muchmoremost
littlelessleast
farfarther(较远) / further(进一步)farthest(最远) / furthest(最大限度)
oldolder(年纪较大的) / elder(教年长的)oldest(年纪 大的) / eldest(最年长的)
注：①三者或三者以上进行比较，用最高级。形容词最高级前必须加 the;副词的最高级不用加 the。其后可带 of 或 in 等短语(表明比较的范围)。
Susan works hardest in our class.
例题8：Jack did quite ________ in the English competition. Herry did even ______.
A. better, well B. good, better C. well, better D. well, good
例题9：-Do you think she is the most clever girl?
-_____________.
A. More or less B. Most or least C. Much or little D. Many or few
②在两者进行比较表示“A不如B”时，部分双音节和多音节副词除使用“not…as/so+副词原级+as”结构外，还可以用“less+副词原级+than”结构。如：
Bill didn’t do his homework as carefully as Jim. = Bill did his homework less carefully than Jim.
例题10：Jim is running _____ Bruce. They're neck and neck。
A. faster than B. as fast as C. as faster as D. more slowly than
例题11：The match was really fantastic, when Smith scored in the last minute.
A. probably B. exactly C. especially D. mostly
例题12：—What do you think of Zhou Jielun?
—Oh, he is my favorite singer. I think no one can sing ______.
A. good B. well C. better D. best
6.兼有两种形式的副词
①close与closely
close意思是"近"; closely 意思是"仔细地"
He is sitting close to me.
Watch him closely.
②late 与lately
late意思是"晚"; lately 意思是"最近"
You have come too late.
What have you been doing lately?
③deep与deeply
deep意思是"深"，表示空间深度;deeply时常表示感情上的深度，"深深地"
He pushed the stick deep into the mud.
Even father was deeply moved by the film.
④high与highly
high表示空间高度;highly表示程度，相当于much
The plane was flying high.
I think highly of your opinion.
⑤wide与widely
wide表示空间宽度;widely意思是"广泛地"，"在许多地方"
He opened the door wide.
English is widely used in the world.
⑥free与freely
free的意思是"免费";freely 的意思是"无限制地"
You can eat free in my restaurant whenever you like.
You may speak freely; say what you like.
7.一些常见副词用法的区别
①ago与before
ago：表示以现在为起点的“以前”。用于一般过去时，与表示一段时间的词或短语连用。
He came back an hour ago. (不能用 before)
She worked here in this factory 20 years ago.(不用 before)
before：指以过去或将来的某一时刻为基准的“以前”，也泛指以前。常用于现在完成时、过去完成时和一般过去时的句子里，与表示点的时间连用。
He had finished all the homework before school was over a t 5∶30.
They had already had their supper before I came back home.
②too，enough和so
too ：用于形容词或副词之前，表示“太，过分，很”。用于too…to…表示否定意义“太…而不能…”
Don't eat too much sugar!
This river is too dangerous for the children to swim in.
It's too high for me to climb up.
注意：too 与某些形容词如 eager(渴望的)，easy(容易的)，ready(准备的)，kind(好的)，anxious(焦急的)等连用时，其后的不定式不含否定的意思。这时 too 相当于very。
The man from Taiwan is too eager to go home and see his old mother.
You are too kind to show me the way.
enough：“足够”作副词使用时，经常放在被修饰的形容词、副词或动词的后面。用于“adj./adv原级+enough to…”表示“足够…能…”
Is this water clean enough to drink?
Has he eaten enough?
Your mother is not well enough.
so：“如此”，用于so…that…表示“如此…以至于…”
The camera is so expensive that I can’t afford it.
例题13：We arrived _______ late that there were no seats left.
A. much B. too C. so D. very
例题14：They were ________ pleased to see each other that they forgot everything else.
A. much B. so C. very D. quite
③much too 与 too much：
much too： 用于修饰形容词或副词的原级，表示“非常，及其，太”，强调“实在…”或“太…”的语气。much和too都是副词，much修饰too,用以加强语气，中心词是too。
It's much too expensive!
The shoes are much too tight for me.
The soup is much too salty!
There are too many people in the supermarket.
too much： 用于修饰不可数名词，表示“太多”，其本身也可以作代词或副词使用，中心词是much，toot修饰much,以加强语气。与too many相对， too many 修饰可数名词复数。
You drink too much!
It's harmful for your health to eat too much sugar.
Too much has been done to it.
注：much too 与 too much 去掉修饰语看中心词，句意不变放心用;much可接不可数(n.),too 则修饰形(adj.)或副(adv.)
④so 与 such
so ：用于修饰形容词或副词，意为“如此地”;而such用于修饰名词(such为形容词)，意思是“如此的”。
I've never read so interesting a book before.
It's such a difficult problem that I have to do m uch to work it out.
so ：可以用于修饰many、much、few、little等与名词构成的短语，但such不可以这样使
用。
There's so little time left that we have to take a taxi to the r ailway station.
He is lonely and has so few friends.
(口诀：名前such，形副 so，多多少少也用so。 little属特殊，“小”用 such，“少”用 so。)
例题15： I’m afraid that he’ll forget it if he misses __________ many lessons.
A. such B. so C. as D. so that
⑤quickly, fast 和 soon
quickly： 意思是指某一动作“迅速完成”，含有“从发生到结束毫不耽误”的意思;
fast：则是强调某一运动速度之快;
soon：的含义主要是指未来将要发生的动作(或状态)或是过去短时间之后发生的动作(或状态)。
She speaks so fast that I don't catch her words.
The girl quickly picked up some grapes and handed them to us.
It will soon be twenty years since they came to work in Beijing.
⑥almost 与 nearly
通常这两个词可以通用，都可以修饰名词形容词或动词，表示“几乎”，“差一点”。
The woman is nearly/almost sixty.
当修饰不容易衡量其程度的事物时，要用 almost 而不应该用 nearly。
She almost missed the flight.
表示全部肯定或全部否定的词，如all, every, no, never, nothing, nobody, none 等可以用almost 修饰而不能用 nearly。
Almost everybody in the class took part in the sports meet。
Almost none of them agreed to this arrangement.
There were almost no (hardly any) people on the train this morning.
例题16：–Do you know anything about the players of our school football team?
-Yes. They are _______ young boys between the age of thirteen and fifteen.
A. most B. mostly C. almost D. at most
⑦already，yet和still：
Where is Tom? He hasn't come yet. But Jack is already here.
already：表示事情早已发生或提前发生用 already，一般放于用于肯定句和疑问句。含有already的肯定句，变为否定句时，要将already 变为yet，且放在句尾。
We’ve already watched that film.
Have you watched that film yet?
yet：表示预料要发生的事未发生，或期待某事发生，位于句尾，一般用于否定句和疑问句中。
I haven’t finished my homework yet.
still：表示某事还在进行，主要用于肯定句和疑问句中，有时也可用于否定句中。
He still works until late ever night.
例题17：It’s seven o’clock in the afternoon, but they are ______ having a meeting.
A. already B. still C. yet D. ever
⑧hard 和 hardly
hard，hardly 两者虽然只有-ly之差，意义却大不相同。
hard：表示"辛苦，使劲，努力，"如：He works very hard.
hardly：为否定副词，表示"几乎不"。
The box is so heavy that he could hardly carry it.
⑨farther 和 further
far 有两种比较级，farther，further. 在英语中两者都可指距离。
He runs farther than she does.(在美语中，farther 表示距离，further表示进一步。 )
I have nothing further to say.
⑩too, as well, also和either
too, as well和also用于肯定句，too和as well多用于口语，一般放在句末，而also多用于书面语，一般放在句中与动词连用。either用于否定句，往往放在句末。
He went there too.
He didn’t go there either.
I like you as well.
I also went there.
例题18：-I am not sure which tie to wear for the party.
-God! I have no idea, .
A. too B. neither C. either D. also
⑾how long, how soon, how often, how far和How many times
How long：“多久，多长时间”，对于一个持续的时间段提问，常用“for+一段时间”和“since+点时间”回答。
--How long have you been in China?
--For three years. /Since 2008
How soon：“多快，多久以后”，对一个短暂动作提问，用于一般将来时的句子中，常用“in+一段时间”回答。
--How soon will you be back?
--In five minutes.
How often：“多长时间一次”，都频度提问，常用“once, twice, three times a day等”回答。
--How often do you visit your grandparents?
--Once a week.
How far：“多远”，对于距离的提问。
--How far is it from your home to your school?
--About two kilometers.
How many times：“多少次”，问次数，常用次数来回答。
--How many times have you been to China?
--Just twice
例题19：-__________ do you write to your parents?
-Once a month.
A. How far B. How many C. How long D. How often
例题20：: _______, he didn't fail in the English exam.
A. Luck B. Lucky C. Luckily D. Luckly
例题21：We've never heard of _____ story before.
A. such a strange B. such strange C. so a strange D. so strange
例题22：Would you please speak____? I still can't follow you.
A. slow B. much slowC. much slowly D. more slowly
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