天津三中 陈吉敏
▲My mother looks through the magazine every day. (一般现在时的主动语态)
The magazine is looked through by my mother every day. (一般现在时的被动语态)
▲My mother looked through the magazine last night. (一般过去时的主动语态)
The magazine was looked through by my mother last night. (一般过去时的被动语态)
英语中的被动语态是同学们在中学阶段需要掌握的主要语法内容之一，在中考中也占有非常重要的位置。在初中三年级上册(外研版)的模块3和模块4中，对中学阶段所学的各种时态和含有情态动词句子的被动语态进行了讲解，并总结出各种情况相对应的主动语态和被动语态结构。但是同学们会发现，只靠“死记”各种情况的被动语态结构，在改写句子的时候特别容易出错(尤其是进行时和完成时两种情况)。那么，同学们就应该转变方法，由“死记”转向“推理”。
对于各种情况被动语态结构的推理，我们可以把它概括为一句话，即“先考虑语态结构，再考虑时态结构，时态要体现在be动词上”。下面，让我们以各种情况为例，体会一下这一方法的具体含义。
①一般现在时和一般过去时的被动语态：
例句：
②含有情态动词的句子和一般将来时的被动语态：
例句：
▲I can/will finish the work on time.
↓
The work can/will be finished on time.
▲I’m going to finish the work on time.
↓
The work is going to be finished on time.
③现在进行时的被动语态：
例句：
▲My mother is looking through the magazine.
↓
The magazine is being looked through by my mother.
④现在完成时的被动语态：
例句：
▲I have finished the work.
↓
The work has been finished.
[中考真题]
1.The telephone ______by Alexander Graham Bell in 1876. (2008 天津)
A. was invented B. has been invented C. is invented D. will be invented
2. A talk on developments in science and technology _____ in the school hall next week. (2007天津)
A. given B. will be given C. has been given D. gives
3. This kind of food _____ cool,clean and dry according to the instruction.(2006 天津)
A. should be carried B. must be put C. should be placed D. must be kept
4. The flowers ____ every day. Or they’ll die. (2005 天津)
A. must water B. can be watered C. should water D. must be watered
[参考答案]
1. A。通过句意可知为被动语态(电话被发明)，通过时间标志(in 1876)可知为一般过去时。
2. B。通过句意可知为被动语态(谈话被进行)，通过时间标志(next week)可知为一般将来时。
3. D。此题为含情态动词的被动语态，但主要考查keep的用法：keep sth. adj.
4. D。此题考查含情态动词的被动语态：情态动词+be+done。花每天必须被浇水。
先考虑语态结构——be+done
再考虑时态结构——情态动词/will/be going to+do
时态体现在be动词上——情态动词/will/be going to+be+done
be (am/is/are)
其具体形式
由主语决定
在此结构中，该be动词形式不变
↓
am/is/are+done (一般现在时的被动语态)
was/were+done (一般过去时的被动语态)
再考虑时态结构，时态要体现在be动词上
先考虑语态结构——be+done
↓
——
↓
先考虑语态结构——be+done
↓
再考虑时态结构——have/has+done
↓
时态体现在be动词上——have/has+been done
先考虑语态结构——be+done
再考虑时态结构——be(am/is/are)+doing
时态体现在be动词上——be(am/is/are)+being+done
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