很多学生觉得英语难学,但事实上,英语和其他学科区别不大,知识点都完全出在书中。只要肯下工夫,一定会把英语学好,至少英语成绩不会被别人落下太多。通过今年的初三期末考试可以看出来,学生们存在的最主要的问题还是对教材不够熟悉。比如,今年的完形填空题出自教科书中的原文,但是5个填空部分很多学生都没有完全答对。其实,现在考试的趋势越来越回归教材,所以学生们一定要对教材非常熟悉。英语考试中的作文虽然不像语文作文那样占分比例很大,但这仍是一个重点。此次考试,学生们的作文情况也不是很理想。原因是学生们平时不愿意动笔。其实,只要对教材熟悉,写作的问题就不大。教材中的每个模块的第二、三单元都是一个主题,这个主题会告知写作内容。中考时的写作范围也不会脱离这些主题,肯定会是书中提到过的,所以,学生们要根据这些主题主动练习写作。
寒假期间的复习重点可根据个人情况而定,但以下两方面不得忽视:1、完形填空和阅读每天要做四五篇。英语考试中完形填空和阅读所占分数非常大,这是一个容易得分的部分。所以,学生们在假期每天都要保证阅读数量。英语语感很重要,如果长时间不做阅读,再次复习时会费很多力气。2、初一到初三教材“过”一遍。复习英语的最好方式就是熟读教材,因为英语教材中几乎涵盖了所有知识点。寒假期间,初一到初三年级的全部英语单词要复习一遍,课文要通读一遍,要保证英译汉和汉译英都没有问题,这样会给开学后进入总复习提供很多帮助。
名 词
1、英语可数名词的单复数:英语可数名词有单数和复数两种形式。 (1)、名词由单数变复数的基本方法如下:
①在单数名词词尾加s。如:map → maps,boy→ boys,horse→ horses, table→ tables.
②s,o,x ,sh,ch结尾的词加es.如:class→classes, box→boxes, hero→heroes, dish→dishes, bench→benches.
[注]:少数以o结尾的词,变复数时只加s。如:photo→photos, piano→pianos.
③以辅音字母加y结尾的名词,变y为i,再加es。如:family→families, city→cities, party→parties.
④以f或fe结尾的名词,变f或fe为v,再加es。如:shelf→shelves, wolf→wolves, life→lives, knife→knives. (2)、不规则变化:man→men, woman→women, sheep→sheep,tooth→teeth, fish→fish,
child→children, ox→oxen, goose→geese [考例]
There is good_________ for you. I've found your lost watch. [广东省] A. news B. ideas C. messages D. thoughts
[答案]A。[解析] 四个选项都是以s结尾的名词,其中A为不可数名词,B、C、D为名词的复数形式,句中用了连系动词is,所以只有A项正确。
My uncle will come to my house for dinner.I want to buy some ___to make a vegetable salad for him.[济宁] A.meat B.tomatoes C.apple juice [答案]B。[解析]下文说制作蔬菜沙拉,故选蔬菜类的tomatoes。
重庆] A. farmers B. doctors C. drivers D. singers
[答案] D。 [解析]可数名词的复数形式是在原形后加“s”。根据school concert可知,需要挑选的是singers。
At night the koala bear gets up and eats___________.[广元] A.1eaf B.1eaves C. leafs
[答案]B。[解析]考查名词leaf的复数形式。 以f或fe结尾的名词在变复数时,一般将f或fe变v后,加es。
The PLA man saved three ____lives in the accident.[济南] A.children’s B.children C.child D.childs'
[答案]A。[解析]考查名词所有格的用法。three后接复数children,变名词所有格时直接加“'s”,故选A。
Come on,children.Help yourselves to some_________ if you like.[南通] A.fish and chicken B.fishes and chicken C.fish and chickens D.fishes and chickens [答案]A。[解析]fish(鱼肉)和chicken(鸡肉)都是不可数名词。
All the ____teachers enjoyed themselves on March 8th,because it was their own holiday.[ 重庆] A.man B.men C.woman D.women
[答案]D。[解析]由时间on March 8th可知是妇女节,因此是女教师。“女教师”单数形式用woman teacher,复数形式两个词都要变为复数。故选D。
注意:不可数名词一般没有复数形式,说明其数量时,要用有关计量名词。如:a bag of rice→two bags of rice, a piece of paper→three pieces of paper, a bottle of milk→five bottles of milk.
[考例]
Mr Smith always has _________to tell us.[青岛] A.some good pieces of news B. some pieces of good news C.some good piece of newes D.some piece of good newes
[答案]A。[解析]考查名词的数的掌握。 news意为“消息”,是不可数名词,所以C、D两项可排除。形容词修饰类似的词组时,一般放在前面。
——Would you like to have a look at some pants? They may fit you well. 一Well,I'd like to try those blue__________.[黄冈] A.pairs B.one C.pant D.pair
[答案]A。[解析]pants要用a pair of来修饰,由those blue确定其后接pairs的复数形式,故选A。
―Would you like some drinks, boys?[ 河北] ―Yes, A. some oranges B. two boxes of chocolates C. some cakes D. two bottles of orange
[答案] D [解析]orange是不可数名词。可用“数词或冠词+量词+of+不可数名词”这样的结构来表示它的数量。量词(piece, bottle, glass, pair, cup等)是可数名词,可根据情况用单数或复数,但of后面的名词只能用单数。
黄冈] A. What an, a B. What, a C. How an, the D. How, the
[答案] B。 [解析]news为不可数名词,其前面不能用a/an来修饰。不可数名词的确切数量可借助单位词组来表示,如a piece of,a cup of ,two glasses of three bottles of,etc。
2、名词所有格:
1、名词所有格表示所属关系,相当于物主代词,在句中作定语、宾语或主语。其构成法如下:
(1)表示人或其它有生命的东西的名词常在词尾加’s。如:Childern’s Day(儿童节), my sister’s book(我姐姐的书)
(2)以s或es结尾的复数名词。只在词尾加’。如:Teachers’ Day(教师节)
(3)有些表示时间、距离以及世界、国家、城镇等无生命的名词,也可在词尾加’s. 如:
newspaper(), break(), ().
(4)无论表示有生命还是无生命的东西的名词,一般均可用介词of短语来表示所有关系。如:
a fine daughter of the Party(党的好女儿). [注解]:
① ‘s还可以表示某人的家或者某个店铺,如:my aunt’s(我阿姨家), the doctor’s(诊所)
② 两人共有某物时,可以采用 A and B’s 的形式,如:Lucy and Lily’s bedroom(露西和丽丽合
住的卧室)
③ “of+名词所有格/名词性物主代词”,称为双重所有格,如:a friend of my father’s(我父亲
的一位朋友), a friend of mine(我的一位朋友)
[考例]
_________fathers are both scientists.[ 咸宁]
A.Jim's and Bob B.Jim's and Bob's C.Jim and Bob's D.Jim and Bob
[答案]B。[解析]当两个人分别拥有时,要在每个人后都加名词所有格的标志“’s”来表达。吉姆
的父亲和鲍勃的父亲不是一个人,所以在其后都加“'s”,故选B。 _____room is big and bright.They like it very much. [河北] A.Tom and Sam B.Tom's find Sam C.Tom and Sam's D.Tom's and Sam's
[答案]C。[解析]本题考查名词所有格的用法。表示两人共同拥有某一事物时,只需要在第二个人的后面加“’s”。故选C。
―How’s Joy’s skirt? ―Her skirt is more beautiful than兰州] A. her sister’s and Kate B. her sister and Kate C. her sister and Kate’s D. her sister’s and Kate’s
[答案] D。 [解析]当某物为几个人所共有时,只在最后一个名词后用所有格形式;如表示两者或两者以上分别所有,应在每个名词后用所有格形式。 —Excuse me, is the supermarket far from here? —No, it’s about _______.(浙江宁波) A. 7 minutes walk B. 7 minute walk C. 7 minutes’ walk D. 7 minute’s walk
[答案]C。[解析]考查名词所有格用法。当名词的复数以-s结尾时,则只需要加“’”即可,则“7分钟的距离”为“7 minutes’ walk”。 ——.
——With pleasure.That’s what I'm expecting.[哈尔滨]
A.two or three days' B.two or three day's time C.two or three days' time
答案:C解析:in后接一段时间,此处表示“两三天的时间”,要用名词所有格形式,因two or three days是复数,直接加“”’,故选C。
I'm going on holiday on the 12th.I have to be back at work on the 26th.So I've got two_______ holiday.[临沂] A.weeks B.week's C.weeks' D.week
答案:C解析:本题考查名词所有格的用法。“两周”是复数,用two weeks,weeks变名词所有格时,只需在后面加“’”,故选C。
3、名词或代词作主语时和谓语之间的单复数的一致问题:
1、和谓语基本保持单复数的一致,即:主语是可数名词单数或不可数名词时,谓语动词
用单数形式:如:The computer was a great invention.(计算机是个了不起的发明)The (玻璃杯里的水很冷)
2、集体名词(如family, class, team, group, row, police, school等)做句子主语时,
① 如果表示整体概念,则谓语用单数形式,如:Class Three is a very good class.(三班是好班)② 如果表示其中的所有成员时,则谓语用复数形式,如:.(三 班有张中国地图)
3、Chinese, Japanese, fish, sheep, people等表示单个时谓语用单数,表示许多时,谓语用复数。
如:There is a sheep in the yard.(院子里有只绵羊) / There are some sheep in the yard.(院子里有一些绵羊)
4、maths, news等虽然有s结尾,但不是复数,因此谓语仍用单数:very exciting.
(这个消息令人兴奋)
5、glasses, shoes, socks, trousers, gloves等名词往往用复数形式,故谓语用复数。如:
(裤子很便宜,我想买)
6、a lot of 后跟名词复数时谓语用复数形式,跟不可数名词时谓语用单数形式。如:(现在有许多学生在打垒球)on that work.(大量的时间花在了那个工作上)(被动句)
7、and 连接两个名词做主语时,谓语原则上用复数,但是两个名词若构成一个整体事物时,谓
语则用单数。如:The teacher and his son are picking apples now.(老师和他的儿子在摘苹果) / Fish and chips is very famous food. (鱼和薯条是一种出名的食品)
8、 there be 句型中be的单复数一般由靠近的名词决定。如:in the room.(房间里有一张桌子和四张椅子)
9、用both…and…连接两个事物做主语时,谓语一般用复数。如: .(你和我明天要求都来)
10、主语中含有with的短语时,谓语单复数由with之前的人物决定。如:. (一名妇女带着一个七岁的孩子(当时)就站在路边)
11、either…or…或者 neither…nor…连接两个人物做句子主语时,谓语采用就近原则。如:
Either you right.(要么是你对,要么是他对。/你和他有一个人是对的) / Neither .(你和我都不打算去那里)
12、表示一段时间或长度概念的复数名词做主语时,谓语一般用单数。如:not a short time.(两个月不是个短时间)quite a long distance(距离).(两千千米是相当长的一段距离)
13、主语中含有half of… / (three quarters)of… / all (of) the ….等词语时,谓语的单复数由名
词确定,如:Over three quarters of the information on the Internet is in English.(因特网上四分之三以上的信息是用英语写的) / A third of the students were playing near the lake.(学生的三分之一(当时)正在湖边玩耍) / All of the water in these rivers has been polluted.(这些河流中的水已经被污染了)(被动句)
但是,population一词又有特殊情况: What’of China?(中国人口是多
少?)(句子用单数)(阿拉伯人).(这个城市四分之三的人口是阿拉伯人)(句子用复数) 4、部分名词用法辨析:
1、sport、game、match、race 的区别:sport通常指“户外运动”,以锻炼为主,概念较大;game意思是“运动、比赛”,不管户内户外还是脑力体力,指以胜负为主的运动;match意为“竞赛、比赛”,多指正式比赛;race主要表示“赛跑、赛马、赛车”。如:People all around the world enjoy (全世界的人都喜爱运动) / The 2008 Olympic will be held in Beijing.(2008奥运会将在北京举行)(被动句) / Our school football team won the league (联赛).(我们学校足球队取得了联赛冠军) / They were strong and won the boat (汤他们很棒,赢得了划艇比赛)
2、festival、holiday、vacation的区别:festival“节日”,指喜庆的日子或持续一段时间的文娱
活动;holiday(假日、休息日),指法定假日或风俗习惯,复数可以表示一个较长的假期;vacation“假期”,指学习或工作中一段长时间的休息。如:will be held next month.(上海电视节将在下个月举行)do not work.(星期天是个假日,多数人不工作) / What are you going to do during the summer (在暑期你打算做什么事情?)
3、journey、tour、trip、travel的区别:journey指在陆地上(或海上或空中)进行的长途旅行,
不知终点,含有辛苦的意思;tour指途中作短期逗留的巡回旅行,强调游览多处,常用来指观光等;trip通常指往返定时的短途旅行,如出差度假等;travel多指长期或长途的观光旅行,尤其指到国外,没有明确目的地,也作不可数名词,指旅行这一行为。如:He made Dunhuang.(他拿定主意要去敦煌旅行)/ He has gone (他步行观光去了)(去年他
去了上海好几次) / Did you go to Santiago(圣地亚哥) during your travels?(旅行期间你去圣地亚哥了吗?) / Travelling through thick forests is dangerous.(在密林里边穿行是很危险的)
4、sound、noise、voice的区别:sound指各种声音;noise主要指“噪音”;voice指人的“嗓
音”。如:The noise of the street kept me awake in the night.(街上的喧嚣声让我彻夜难眠) (突然间传来几声枪响和一声尖叫) .(因为感冒的缘故,这个歌唱家失去了她银铃般的嗓音)
5、fish的问题:指许多条鱼且不管种类时,用fish,单复数相同;fishes 指许多种类的鱼;fish
指“鱼肉”时是不可数名词。如:There are many kinds of fishes in the pool. (池子里有很多种类的鱼).(与肉相比我更喜欢鱼) [考例]
Studying in a foreign country is a different _____and you can learn a lot.[盐城] A.event B.exercise C.experience D.exhibition 答案:C解析:由选项及句意“在外国学习是一次不同的并且你能学到许多东西。”可知用experience“经历”最合适。故选C。 ---Would you like some_________?
---No, thank you. I'm not hungry at all. [陕西省] A. tea B. water C. bread D. coffee
[答案]C 。[解析]后文中有hungry,说明上文询问的是关于食品的问题,所以选bread。 It's common ____that the Japanese eat Sushi. [沈阳] A.information B.knowledge C.direction D.instruction
答案:B解析:由选项及句意“日本人吃寿司是常识”。information意为“信息”;knowledge意为“知识,学识”; direction意为“方向”;instruction意为“说明”,故选B。
The thing that ____is not whether you fan or not,but whether you try or not.[苏州] A.minds B.cares C.matters D.considers
答案:C解析:句意为“问题不在于你失败与否,而在于你是否尝试了”。mind"介意”,care"关心”,matter"有关系,重要”,consider"认为,考虑”,故选C。 ——I don't know how to use this machine. 一It doesn't matter.Here is the____.[江西] A.instruction B.direction C.information D.advertisement 答案:A解析:句意:“我不知道怎样使用这台机器。”“没关系。这儿有说明。”故选A。 ——What do you know about____?
——Line drawings that show how something works.[沈阳] A.pictures B.diagrams C.programmes D.paintings
答案:B解析:由答语中的“画的线表明事情是怎么工作的”可知由“线”来表示,故应是图表。 ---Look, the tall building looks very modern.
---Yes, and there is a garden on its ___________. A garden in the air! [河南省] A. top B. ground C. side D. floor [答案]A。[解析] 由A garden in the air可判断为“顶部”。 一How can I tell one tree from another?
一You can mostly tell them by the _________of their leaves.[07武汉市] A.shape B size C.age D color [答案]A 。[解析]本题与生物知识。区别树的不同点时,大多通过树叶的“形状”。 ---Oh! There isn't enough _________ for us in the bus.
---No hurry. Let's wait for the next. [昆明市] A. place B. land C. room D. floor
[答案]C。[解析]考查单词room的用法。place意为“地点”;land意为“陆地";room作可数名词时表示“房间”,作不可数名词时意为“地方”;floor意为“楼层,地板”。在“公共汽车上”,只能是没有足够的“地方”。
0ur school held an activity called “Recommend Books to Your Teachers”.The students made a ____of 1 000 books.[淄博] A.note B.1ine C.menu D.1ist
答案:D解析:句意为“学生列了一张1 000本书的清单”。note"笔记”,line“线”,menu“菜单”,list“名单,单子”,故选D。
【语法过关】
1. Today is September 10th. It's______ Day. Let's go and buy some flowers for our teachers. A. Teachers B. Teachers' C. the Teachers' D. Teacher's 2 .He had something to write down and asked me for_____, A. a paper B. some papers C some pieces papers D. a piece of paper 3. The ______ now is that we have lots of _____ to ask, A. problem; questions B. question; problems C question; problem D. problem; question 4. --- Can I just have a try?
---Sure. It doesn't if you give a wrong answer. A. matter B. trouble C. mind D. care 5 .--- Could you move over a little and make some_______ for me? --- Sure. Please. A. place B. seat C. room D. ground 6. -What would you like to drink, girls? -_____, please.
A. Two cup of coffee B. Two cups of coffees C. Two cups of coffee D. Two cup of coffees
7. During Christmas, people get together and sing Christmas songs far _______. A. fun B. wishes C. interest D. thanks 8. I'd like something to read. Would you please pass me the _____________? pen B. box C. ruler D. book 9. September 10th is ___________. A. Women's Day B. Children's Day C. Mid-autumn Day D. Teachers' Day 10. -How do you get home from ______? By bus? -No, I walk. ______ isn't very far.
A. school, The school B. the school, The school C. the school, School D. school, School 【参考答案】ww.zgk5nu.com
1.B “教师节” 的正确表示法是“Teachers' Day” 。
2.D paper表示“纸” 的意思时是不可数名词,前面可以加a piece of (pieces of)。
3.A question一般与“疑问” 有关,problem一般与“困难” 有联系,多用于指令人困惑的事或数学难题等。
4. A it doesn't matter. 意思是“没关系” 。 5.C room在这里指“空间” 。
6.C不可数名词表示数量时,借助表量的名词,名词前数词大于一时,名词用复数形式。 7.A fun有“娱乐,玩笑,嬉戏”等意。
8. D 本题为语意的理解问题,与“read” 直接发生联系的是“book” 。
9. D 本题属于社会常识。
10. A 上句中的“school” 虽是个体名词,但这里已转为“抽象” 意义,故前面不用冠词;下句中的“school” 则是特指,故要用定冠词。
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