很多学生觉得英语难学,但事实上,英语和其他学科区别不大,知识点都完全出在书中。只要肯下工夫,一定会把英语学好,至少英语成绩不会被别人落下太多。通过今年的初三期末考试可以看出来,学生们存在的最主要的问题还是对教材不够熟悉。比如,今年的完形填空题出自教科书中的原文,但是5个填空部分很多学生都没有完全答对。其实,现在考试的趋势越来越回归教材,所以学生们一定要对教材非常熟悉。英语考试中的作文虽然不像语文作文那样占分比例很大,但这仍是一个重点。此次考试,学生们的作文情况也不是很理想。原因是学生们平时不愿意动笔。其实,只要对教材熟悉,写作的问题就不大。教材中的每个模块的第二、三单元都是一个主题,这个主题会告知写作内容。中考时的写作范围也不会脱离这些主题,肯定会是书中提到过的,所以,学生们要根据这些主题主动练习写作。
寒假期间的复习重点可根据个人情况而定,但以下两方面不得忽视:1、完形填空和阅读每天要做四五篇。英语考试中完形填空和阅读所占分数非常大,这是一个容易得分的部分。所以,学生们在假期每天都要保证阅读数量。英语语感很重要,如果长时间不做阅读,再次复习时会费很多力气。2、初一到初三教材“过”一遍。复习英语的最好方式就是熟读教材,因为英语教材中几乎涵盖了所有知识点。寒假期间,初一到初三年级的全部英语单词要复习一遍,课文要通读一遍,要保证英译汉和汉译英都没有问题,这样会给开学后进入总复习提供很多帮助。
主谓一致
1. 语法一致的原则 2. 意义一致的原则 3. 邻近一致的原则
谓语受主语支配,须和主语在人称和数上保持一致,这叫做主谓一致。主谓一致一般遵循三条原则:语法一致原则,意义一致原则和就近一致原则。
在英语中,谓语动词必须和主语在人称和数上同主语保持一致,叫做主谓一致。通常采用下列三个原则来处理,即:语法形式一致的原则、逻辑意义一致的原则、就近(或毗邻)一致的原则。
一、语法形式一致的原则,即在语法形式上取得一致。如:主语为单数形式,谓语动词用单数;主语为复数形式,谓语动词也采用复数形式。但须注意下列几种情况:
1.以单数名词或代词、动词不定式短语、动名词短语或从句作主语时,谓语动词用单数。 例如:
Much land has been deserted in this area in the past few years.在过去的几年中,这个地区的许多土地已经沙化。
To start smoking is quite easy, but to give it up needs courage.开始吸烟很容易,但是要戒烟却需要勇气。
Reading English newspapers is a good way of improving you English. 阅读英文报纸是提高你英语水平的好方法。
What you need most is to have a good sleep.你所需要的就是好好睡一觉。 How you can get there is a problem. 你怎么到那儿去还是个问题。
[注意:]由what引导的主语从句,后面的谓语动词多数情况用单数形式。但若表语是“复数或what从句是一个带有复数意义的并列结构”时,主句的谓语动词用复数 。例如: What I bought were three English books.我买的是三本英语书。
What I say and do is (are) helpful for you.我所说的和做的对你是有帮助的。 2、由and 或both...and来连接并列主语时,谓语用复数。例如: Swimming and walking are good exercises.游泳和散步都是好运动。
He and I were classmates when we were at college.他和我在上大学时是同学。 Both John and Ann have got pen-friends.约翰和安都有笔友。 Both Zhou Lan and Yang Pei like sports.周兰和杨蓓都爱好体育。
[注意]1)但是,并列主语如果表示同一个人、同一事物或同一概念时,谓语动词用单数形式(这时and后的名词前没有冠词)。例如:
The manager and secretary was absent at the meeting.经理兼书记没有出席会议。 The manager and the secretary are busy now.经理和书记现在都很忙。 Their teacher and friend is Mr. Li.他们的老师和朋友是李先生。
2)由and连接的并列单数主语前如果分别被no, each, every或many a ,more than one修饰时,其谓语动词用单数形式。 例如:
In our country every boy and every girl has the right to receive education.在我们国家里,每个男孩和女孩都有权利受教育。
Each man and each woman is asked to help. 每个男士和妇女都被请来帮忙。 Many a student is having practice in that factory. 许多学生正在那家工厂实习。 More than one student is interested in the book.不止一个学生对这本书感兴趣。
[注意] 在“more than one+单数名词”作主语时,若在There be句型中,亦可用复数。 如: There is/are more than one man here. 这儿不止一个人。
3、如果主语是单数,尽管后面跟有(together) with, as well as, like, but, except, besides,
including, no less than, rather than ,as much as,more than,along with in addition to等介词短语,其谓语动词仍用单数形式;若主语为复数,则谓语动词也用复数。例如:
An English teacher together with some students has climbed to the top of the mountain.一位英语老师和几个学生已经爬到了山顶。
Mary as well as her friends likes this painting.玛丽和她的朋友都喜欢这幅画。
No one except my close friends knows anything about this matter.除了我的亲密朋友谁也不知道这件事。
She, like you and Tom, is very tall.像你和汤姆那样她很高。
4、不定代词each, either, neither 和由 some, any, no, every 构成的复合代词作主语时,谓语动词用单数。 例如:
Each (of us) takes a cup of coffee.(我们)每人喝一杯咖啡。
Everyone knows smoking cigarettes is bad for health.大家都知道吸烟不利于身体健康。 Nothing is to be done 没有什么要干的事。
Everybody obeys the school rules; anybody who breaks the rules is punished.每个人必须遵守学校规则,任何人违反了规则将受到惩罚。
2)若后面的名词是不可数名词,它的谓语动词就要用单数;若它后面的名词是复数,它的谓语动词用单数或复数都可以。例如:
None of the sugar was left.没有剩下什么糖了。
None of us has (have) been to America.我们中没有人去过美国。
5.不定代词none 以及由"none/either/neither+of+复数合词(或代词)"构成的短语作主语时,谓语用单复数均可,这取决于说话人的意思。当说话人着眼于“每一个都不.......”或“两个中的任何一个都不.......”时,谓语动词用单数;当说话者着眼于“所有的都不.......”或“两个中的全部都不.......”时,谓语动词用复数。例如:
None know when that was. (强调所有的人) 没人知道这是什么时候的事。 None is so good as he.(强调每一个人) 没有人像他那么好。 None of them have / has a car.他们都没有小汽车。(他们没有一个人有小汽车。) Neither of them know / knows the answer.他们两个全都不知道答案。(他们两个人谁也不知道答案。)
Neither of the article is (are ) interesting.其中没有哪篇文章有趣。 Neither of them have replied. 他们两个谁也没有答复。 Neither of them has replied. 他们两个谁也没有答复。
5、在定语从句中,关系代词that,who,which等作主语时,其谓语动词的数,应与句中先行词的数一致。例如:
It sounded like a train which/that was going under my house.那声音听起来就像有一列火车从我的房子底下开过似的。
People who study the think that there will be another big one soon.研究地震的人认为不久将还有一次大的地震。
The horse which is tied to the tree belongs to John.拴在树上的那匹马是约翰的。
Those who want to go on a journey please sign your name here.要去旅游的请把名字签在这儿。 Some of the energy that is used by man comes from the sun.被人类使用的一些能源来自太阳。 [注意]在以“one of the+复数名词”为先行词的定语从句中,关系代词作主语时,谓语动词用复数;但如果“one of the+复数名词”这个结构前有the only之类的修饰语时,其从句的谓语动词
用单数。 例如:
This is one of the questions that have been asked by the students.这是学生提出的许多问题的一个。 Bob is one of my friends who are helping me with English.鲍勃是帮助我英语的朋友之一。 He is the only one of the officers who was invited to the ball here. 他是办公室唯一收到邀请参加舞会的人。
The head master is the only one of the teachers who knows Esperanton.校长是老师中唯一懂得世界语的人。
6、“a lot of (lots of, plenty of, a head of, heaps of, the rest(majority) of ,some
(many,anymore,most, all等)of++名词”构成的短语作主语时,其谓语动词的数要与of后面的名词(短语)保持一致。例如:
Some of us do not know much about the theatre.我们中有一些人还不太懂得戏剧。 Some (of the sugar) is wet. 有些(糖)是湿的。
Most of the students in our class are league. 我们班上大多数学生是团员。 Most of the food tastes delicious. 大多数食物味道很好。 Half of the work is left unfinished.一半的工作没有完成。
Half of the apples are given to the children.一半的苹果送给孩子们。 Lots of damage was caused by smoking.许多损害是由吸烟引起的。 Plenty of English books are on the shelf.许多英语书在书架上。
注意:1)all单独作主语表示“人”时,谓语用复数;表示“整个事件或事情”时,谓语用单数。 如:
All are present. 所有的人都出席了。(表人) All is well. 一切都好。 (表示整个事情或情况)
2)“a number of+复数名词 ”作主语时,谓语动词用复数形式;“The number of+复数名词”作主语时,谓语动词用单数形式。例如:
A large number of buildings were burnt down.许多楼房被毁了。
A number of students in our class are out by the lake.我们班有些学生到湖边去了。 The number of students in our school is 2500.我们学校的学生人数是2500名。
The number of books on women published in China is growing.在中国,有关妇女书籍出版数目在增加。
The number of wagging dances per minute told the exact distance to the feeding place.每分钟摆尾的次数表明了到喂食处的精确距离。
7、由“分数或百分数+of +名词(或代词)”构成的短语作主语时,其谓语动词的数要与of后面的名词(短语)保持一致。例如:
Two thirds of the country is dry or desert.这个国家的三分之二的地方气候干燥或者是沙漠地区。 Two thirds of the people present are against the plan.在场的三分之二的人反对这个计划。
More than 70 percent of the surface of our earth is covered by water.我们地球的70%的表面被水所覆盖。
30 percent of the students in our class are girls.我们班的30%是女生。
8、 如果主语是由“a kind of, 或this/that kind of, a series ( a species) of ,a pair of等 + 名词”构成谓语动词通常用单数形式。例如:
This kind of men is dangerous.这种人是危险的。
Is this kind of car made in Shanghai ?这种汽车是上海制造的吗? There is a kind of rose in his garden.他的花园里有玫瑰花。 This kind of apple/apples is rather expensive. 这种苹果相当贵。
中考政策 | 中考状元 | 中考饮食 | 中考备考辅导 | 中考复习资料 |