出国留学网专题频道印刷术栏目,提供与印刷术相关的所有资讯,希望我们所做的能让您感到满意! 印刷术是中国古代汉族劳动人民的四大发明之一。印刷术源自道家的雕版印刷,它活跃于隋朝的雕版印刷,经宋仁宗时代的毕昇发展、完善,产生了活字印刷,并由蒙古人传至了欧洲,所以后人称毕昇为印刷术的始祖。中国的印刷术是人类近代文明的先导,为知识的广泛传播、交流创造了条件。印刷术先后传到朝鲜、日本、中亚,西亚和欧洲地区。活字印刷术的发明是印刷史上一次伟大的技术革命。活字印刷的方法是先制成单字的阳文反文字模,然后按照稿件把单字挑选出来,排列在字盘内,涂墨印刷,印完后再将字模拆出,留待下次排印时再次使用。
01-04
文本“2017中级出版基础知识讲义:印刷术的发明与发展”由出国留学网出版专业资格考试栏目整理,希望对考生有所帮助。
印刷术的发明与发展
(一)雕版印刷:最早的雕版印刷品:西安市出土梵文陀罗尼经咒单页,为唐初印刷品,不晚于公元690?699年.韩国庆州佛国寺发现的《无垢净光大陀罗尼经》印本,是公元702?704年的唐武周刊本.
(二)泥活字印刷:世界上最早的活字印刷术是宋代毕异发明的.泥活字印刷的图书:宋朝周必大印刷的《玉堂杂记》,元朝姚枢印刷《近思录》、《小学》、《经史论说》,清代翟金生印刷《泥版试印初编》.
(三)木活字印刷:首先在西夏使用.
木活字印刷品:元代王祯,在公元1298年排印了《放德县志》.最早系统叙述木活字印刷的文献:元代王祯作《造活字印书法》一文。我国报纸用活字印刷的开端:明代(公元1638年)用木活字排印的《邸报》。清朝最大一次采用木活字印书活动:乾隆年间,排印《武英殿聚珍版丛书》134种,主办人金简.金简把这改印数活动写成总结,名为《钦定武英殿聚珍版程式》.该文内容比王祯的《造活字印书法》更为详明具体,是我国活字印刷史上的重要文献.
(四)铜活字印刷:明代弘治、嘉靖年间,江苏无锡、常州、苏州一带盛行铜活字印刷,其中,无锡华氏和安氏家族最为有名.
我国现存最早的铜活字本:明代华氏会通馆印行的《宋诸臣奏议》.
我国历史上规模最大一次的铜活字印刷:清代雍正年间出版《古今图书集成》,全书一万卷,全用铜活字排印。
(五)活字印刷的局限:活字印刷并未取代雕版印刷成为主流出版技术。
原因如下:雕版可以收藏数十年乃至数百年,重印不难,而活字印刷每一次重印,都必须费工重排,在一次印数较少的情况下,反而不如雕版经济.
(六)套版印刷:
“涂版”或“套色”:在同一块版上施以不同的颜色,一饮印成。
“套版”或“套印”:将同一版面的不同颜色分别刻版、施色,分几次套印而成.
套版由涂版发展而来,版面色彩表现更细腻.套版印刷使印刷进入彩印时代.
明代盛行的批点古书风气,促进了套版印刷的广泛应用.套版印刷的广泛应用,是在明代后期.明代的套版印刷,最著名的有吴兴的闺氏和凌氏.阂、凌两家共刻印套版书籍117部,计145种.
(七)版画:
明代,反映市民生活的戏曲小说风行,这些书都附绘木刻插图.其中尤以徽州的刻工技艺最为出色.代表作有《集雅斋画谙》、《诗余画谱》.
(八)恒版和拱花:
1.将彩色画稿按不同颜色分别勾蔡下来,刻成一块一块的小木版,逐色依次套印或叠印,最终形成一昆完整的彩色画图.恒版印出的作品,颜色的浓淡深浅、阴阳向背几与原作无异。后人称作“水版木印”,至今仍发挥着作用.
2.拱花:用凹凸两版嵌合,使纸面拱起,富有立体感.
3.用恒版和拱花印刷的书籍:明末胡正言的《十竹斋画谱》、《十竹斋笺谱》,明末颜继祖(字萝轩)出版的《萝轩变古笺谱》,清代《芥子园画谱》。
(九)德国人约翰·谷登堡在1445年发明了铅活字印刷,比中国毕异发明的泥活字印刷晚400年。谷登堡的发明开创了近代机械...
07-19
出国留学网中考频道在考试后及时公布各科中考试题答案和中考作文及试卷专家点评。请广大考生家长关注,祝福广大考生在2013年中考中发挥出最佳水平,考出好成绩!同时祝愿决战2014中考的新初三学员能倍加努力,在2014年中考中也能取得优异的成绩。
活字印刷术、指南针、火药、《资治通鉴》(P70—74页)<识记>
1、活字印刷术:北宋时,毕升发明活字印刷术,比欧洲早400年。
2、指南针:司南——我国最早的指南仪器(战国),后又制成指南针。北宋时,指南针开始应用于航海事业,南宋时广泛使用,并由阿拉伯传到欧洲,为欧洲新航路的开辟提供了重要条件。
3、火药:是古代炼丹家在炼丹时发明的,唐末开始用于军事上,宋元时期,在军事上广泛使用。火药武器有火箭、突火枪、火炮等。13、14世纪传入阿拉伯和欧洲。
4、《资治通鉴》:北宋历史学家司马光主持编写的《资治通鉴》,是一部编年体的通史巨著。这部书按年、月、日顺序,叙述从战国到五代的历史。对研究我国古代历史有重要参考价值。(P74页)
2013江苏中考语文试题汇总
2013四川中考数学试题汇总
2013山东中考数学试题汇总
2013江苏中考英语试题汇总
07-19
出国留学网中考频道在考试后及时公布各科中考试题答案和中考作文及试卷专家点评。请广大考生家长关注,祝福广大考生在2013年中考中发挥出最佳水平,考出好成绩!同时祝愿决战2014中考的新初三学员能倍加努力,在2014年中考中也能取得优异的成绩。
赵州桥(P30) 敦煌莫高窟 (P37) 雕版印刷术(P31)
<识记>
1、赵州桥:隋朝杰出工匠李春设计和主持建造赵州桥,是现存世界上最古老的一座石拱桥,比欧洲早700多年。
2、敦煌莫高窟:石窟艺术在隋朝有很大的发展。坐落在今天甘肃省西部的敦煌莫高窟大多是隋朝时开凿的,是世界上最大的艺术宝库之一。
3、雕版印刷术:我国在世界上最早发明印刷术。隋唐已有雕版印刷。唐朝印制的《金刚经》,是现存世界上最早的、标有确切日期的雕版印刷品。
2013江苏中考语文试题汇总
2013四川中考数学试题汇总
2013山东中考数学试题汇总
2013江苏中考英语试题汇总
03-09
GRE写作备考过程中,考生需要汇总一定量的GRE写作范文,通过GRE写作范文,考生可以积累高分词汇及句式,并且通过分析范文的文章结构,构架自己的GRE写作模板,在最短的时间内找到自己的主题和论据,完成一篇得分不低的GRE作文。下面,我们就来看一下“GRE写作范文:现代摄像机和印刷术”。
GRE写作题目:
“The video camera provides such an accurate and convincing record of contemporary life that it has become a more important form of documentation than written records.”
摄像机可以通过如此精确而有力的记录手段来再现当代生活,因此它已经代替书面记录成为了一种更重要的记录手段。
GRE写作范文:
“The video camera provides such an accurate and convincing record of contemporary life that it has become a more important form of documentation than written records.”There have been many methods of documenting in the history of human, from carved ancient pottery to sheepskin documents, of which the video camera may be the newest form with certain superiorities and inferiorities to written records. The advantages of video camera certainly make it an important form of documentation, but not to the extent of being more essential than written records due to its disadvantages.
To begin with, video can be interpreted as a series of pictures associated along the time, while written records can be considered as the descriptions of these pictures.Therefore, it is undoubtedly that video contains much more information than that of written records. From a video, we can clearly know what happened with subtle details.Merely with a television set, we can easily watch the happenings at home, such as the O...
02-08
11-23
具有划时代意义的丰碑——活字印刷术发明
被誉为“文明之母”的印刷术,是中国古代四大发明之一。古代的印刷术分为雕板印刷术和活字印刷术两类。雕板印刷术先行出现,在公元前,中国已懂得印章捺印的方法,后来又会拓印碑石,至隋遂发明雕版印刷之技术。雕版印刷盛行于唐而完善于宋。直至本世纪初期,雕板印刷一直是中国文献和图籍的主要印刷方式。在这1000多年的历程中,雕板印刷术不断得到发展和完善。雕板的材料除了木板外,又有石板、铜板;印刷除单色外,又有彩色套印;印刷品则从初期的单页图文、小型书籍,进而发展到大型类书的印制。五代时期刻印《九经》等儒家典籍130册,花费时间22年。宋代刻印《大藏经》历时12年,刻板13万块。明清时期集佛、道二教典籍所刻印的《道藏》、《续道藏》亦是工程浩大的雕板印刷壮举。
雕版印刷事业,从唐代推广应用,到宋代得到普遍发展,大大地丰富了人民的文化生活,对于继承和发扬中国的学术传统,起了重要的推动作用。
雕版印刷术比起以前的手写传抄手段不知要节省多少人力和时间,对于书籍的生产和知识的传播来说,确实是一个巨大的革命。但是,雕版印书必须一页一版,有了错字难以更正,如果刻一部大书,要花费很多时间和木材,不仅费用浩大,而且储存版片要占用很多地方,管理起来也有一定的困难。而在雕版的基础上发明的活字排版印刷术则可以解决这些矛盾,进一步提高印书效率。
活字印刷术就是预先制成单个活字,然后按照付印的稿件,捡出所需要的字,排成一版而施行印刷的方法。采用活字印刷,一书印完之后,版可折散,单字仍可再用来排其它的书版这个方法直到现在也是世界上生产书籍、报纸、杂志的方法之一。
活字印刷术在今天已经发展到高度机械化的地步,是现代文化的一根主要支柱。欧美国家的某些学者一般地都把活字印刷术的发明,说成是十五世纪中叶(1440-1450年)德国人谷腾堡的贡献,并且把活字印刷术和印刷术等同起来,因此得出谷腾堡是"印刷术的发明者"的结论,这显然是不符合事实的。首先,书籍印刷不能仅限于活字印刷术,雕版印刷术也是一种主要的方法。活字印刷是在雕版印刷的基础上出现的。而中国人民最早发明雕版印刷术已经是颠扑不破的事实。所以谷腾堡不是"印刷术的发明人"是毫无疑问的。其次,活字印刷术尽管对于欧洲人来说有更重大的意义,尽管谷腾堡是欧洲第一个应用这个方法的人,但是,确凿的事实告诉我们,活字印刷术是中国人首先发明的,而且由中国直接或间接地传到世界各地。我们完全有理由相信,谷腾堡(或者是别的人)是在这个影响之下,才创制出拉丁文字的活字印刷术的。
活字印刷术是在十一世纪中期,中国北宋庆历年间(1041-1048年)天才工人毕升所发明的毕升发明的活字,是先用木、后以泥为原料制成。这是世界上最早的活字,它比谷腾堡应用的活字早四百多年。活字印刷技术最关键的问题之一是活字制作材料的选用及其制作的工艺方法。中国古代劳动人民曾经用粘土、木材、铜、锡、铅等原料进行过多种试验,都获得了成功。毕升即首先成功地制作出以胶泥为原料的活字。中国古代的活字,以制作材料不同,可以分为两大类:第一是非金属活字,如泥、木、磁所制成的活字。第二是金属活字,如:锡活字、铜活字、铅活字等等
早在宋代毕升时期,已有人试验以木为原料制作活字,因木字遇水膨胀,效果不佳,而未成功,毕升才改木为泥发明用泥制作活字。然此后不久,木活字印刷研制成功并得以发展和推广,西夏文《吉祥遍至口和本续》等木活字本和维吾尔文木活字的出...
04-30
GRE写作备考过程中,考生需要汇总一定量的GRE写作范文,通过GRE写作范文,考生可以积累高分词汇及句式,并且通过分析范文的文章结构,构架自己的GRE写作模板,在最短的时间内找到自己的主题和论据,完成一篇得分不低的GRE作文。下面,我们就来看一下“GRE写作范文:现代摄像机和印刷术”。
GRE写作题目:
“The video camera provides such an accurate and convincing record of contemporary life that it has become a more important form of documentation than written records.”
摄像机可以通过如此精确而有力的记录手段来再现当代生活,因此它已经代替书面记录成为了一种更重要的记录手段。
GRE写作范文:
“The video camera provides such an accurate and convincing record of contemporary life that it has become a more important form of documentation than written records.”There have been many methods of documenting in the history of human, from carved ancient pottery to sheepskin documents, of which the video camera may be the newest form with certain superiorities and inferiorities to written records. The advantages of video camera certainly make it an important form of documentation, but not to the extent of being more essential than written records due to its disadvantages.
To begin with, video can be interpreted as a series of pictures associated along the time, while written records can be considered as the descriptions of these pictures.Therefore, it is undoubtedly that video contains much more information than that of written records. From a video, we can clearly know what happened with subtle details.Merely with a television set, we can easily watch the happenings at home, such as the Olympic Gam...
03-15
GRE写作备考过程中,考生需要汇总一定量的GRE写作范文,通过GRE写作范文,考生可以积累高分词汇及句式,并且通过分析范文的文章结构,构架自己的GRE写作模板,在最短的时间内找到自己的主题和论据,完成一篇得分不低的GRE作文。下面,我们就来看一下“GRE写作范文:现代摄像机和印刷术”。
GRE写作题目:
“The video camera provides such an accurate and convincing record of contemporary life that it has become a more important form of documentation than written records.”
摄像机可以通过如此精确而有力的记录手段来再现当代生活,因此它已经代替书面记录成为了一种更重要的记录手段。
GRE写作范文:
“The video camera provides such an accurate and convincing record of contemporary life that it has become a more important form of documentation than written records.”There have been many methods of documenting in the history of human, from carved ancient pottery to sheepskin documents, of which the video camera may be the newest form with certain superiorities and inferiorities to written records. The advantages of video camera certainly make it an important form of documentation, but not to the extent of being more essential than written records due to its disadvantages.
To begin with, video can be interpreted as a series of pictures associated along the time, while written records can be considered as the descriptions of these pictures.Therefore, it is undoubtedly that video contains much more information than that of written records. From a video, we can clearly know what happened with subtle details.Merely with a television set, we can easily watch the happenings at home, such as the Olympic Games, comfort...
GRE考试形式:中国大陆地区、香港、澳门、韩国目前执行分开考试的形式。由机考(分析性写作)和笔试(语文、数学)组成。
题目:
“The video camera provides such an accurate and convincing record of contemporary life that it has become a more important form of documentation than written records.”
摄像机可以通过如此精确而有力的记录手段来再现当代生活,因此它已经代替书面记录成为了一种更重要的记录手段。
正文:
“The video camera provides such an accurate and convincing record of contemporary life that it has become a more important form of documentation than written records.”There have been many methods of documenting in the history of human, from carved ancient pottery to sheepskin documents, of which the video camera may be the newest form with certain superiorities and inferiorities to written records. The advantages of video camera certainly make it an important form of documentation, but not to the extent of being more essential than written records due to its disadvantages.
To begin with, video can be interpreted as a series of pictures associated along the time, while written records can be considered as the descriptions of these pictures.Therefore, it is undoubtedly that video contains much more information than that of written records. From a video, we can clearly know what happened with subtle details.Merely with a television set, we can easily watch the happenings at home, such as the Olympic Games, comfortably sitting on the sofa, needless to be present on the spot.
And more excitedly, certain close-...
12-09
题目:
“The video camera provides such an accurate and convincing record of contemporary life that it has become a more important form of documentation than written records.”
摄像机可以通过如此精确而有力的记录手段来再现当代生活,因此它已经代替书面记录成为了一种更重要的记录手段。
正文:
“The video camera provides such an accurate and convincing record of contemporary life that it has become a more important form of documentation than written records.”There have been many methods of documenting in the history of human, from carved ancient pottery to sheepskin documents, of which the video camera may be the newest form with certain superiorities and inferiorities to written records. The advantages of video camera certainly make it an important form of documentation, but not to the extent of being more essential than written records due to its disadvantages.
To begin with, video can be interpreted as a series of pictures associated along the time, while written records can be considered as the descriptions of these pictures.Therefore, it is undoubtedly that video contains much more information than that of written records. From a video, we can clearly know what happened with subtle details.Merely with a television set, we can easily watch the happenings at home, such as the Olympic Games, comfortably sitting on the sofa, needless to be present on the spot.
And more excitedly, certain close-up enables us to scrutinize our favorable athletes. If there isn‘t video camera, we may...
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