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备考写作最常见的方法是阅读范文,吸取经验,可除了看看范文,自己多写多练以外还要注意积累素材,各方面的知识都要懂一点,对于话题素材也要更加重视,出国留学网GRE小编为你搜集整理了《GRE写作素材:批判性思维》,希望对你有所帮助。
GRE写作素材之批判性思维Critical Thinking,以下GRE写作素材供考生们参考。
【何谓批判性思维】
Critical thinking is the ability to think clearly and rationally. It includes the ability to engage in reflective and independent thinking. Someone with critical thinking skills is able to do the following:
Raises vital questions and problems, formulating them clearly and precisely;
Gathers and assesses relevant information, using abstract ideas to interpret it effectively;
Comes to well-reasoned conclusions and solutions,
testing them against relevant criteria and standards;
Thinks open-mindedly within alternative systems of thought, recognizing and assessing, as need be, their assumptions, implications, and practical consequences; and
Communicates effectively with others in figuring out solutions to complex problems.
【批判性人才的品质】
Robert Ennis identifies 13 attributes of critical thinkers. They tend to:
Be open-minded,
Take or change a position based on evidence,
Take the entire situation into account,
Seek information,
Seek precision in information,
Deal in an orderly manner with parts of a complex whole,
Look for options,
08-13
GRE阅读量很大包括写作,新GRE写作要求考生在30分钟+30分钟内分别完成两篇文章,它是美国所有作文考试中时间最长而质量要求最高的一类作文考试。所以我们一定要做好充分的准备,应付这场硬战。下面随小编来看看《GRE阅读的倒装句解析》。
某些情况往往说话人也会为了某种修辞目的采用倒装结构,修辞目的的倒装结构以文学作品居多。通常在考试的情况下,试题命题人往往会出于某种迷惑考生的目的,有意将句子结构进行改写,在新GRE阅读理解的很多文章中我们都可以发现这种情况。下面我们就结合几个典型的实例来对倒装结构进行分析常见倒装搭配的几种情况:
及物动词加介词:固定词组的固定搭配中,经常出现倒装情况。
例如:bring A to B,写作:Bring to B A例:Yet Walter’s argument , however deficient , does point to one of the most serious weaknesses of capitalism-namely , that it brings to predominant positions in a society people who ,no matter how legitimately they have earned their material rewards , often lack those other qualities that evoke affection or admiration.
翻译:然而,沃尔泽的论点,无论它不充分到何种地步,确实揭示了资本主义体制中最为严重的一个弱点,即它将某一类人置于社会中的显赫位置,这类人无论以怎样合法的手段获得了其物质报酬,却常常缺乏其它那些能唤起他人爱戴和钦佩的品质。
如果从bring A to B的角度去分析这个句子,则这个句子应该将people who....or admiration写到it brings 后面,之所以原句子不这样做,则遵循了英语的句尾信息焦点原则,从而尾部信息成为一种受到强调的部位.根据这条原则,说话人要强调什么意思,便可以让他出现在句子的句尾,而传递的信息便主次分明了.句尾信息焦点和“尾重”原则就是采用这一原理.对比下面这两句话:
The patient was taken good care of, and began to recover immediately.
The patient was taken good care of, and immediately began to recover.
这两个句子的意思都是病人受到了很好的照顾,很快开始康复。但第一句的意义重心是immediately, 强调了康复的速度,而第二句的意义重心则在于“康复”而不强调“马上”。
另外上面的第一个例句中的倒装部分还考虑了一个因素,那就是使之读起来不至于让人产生头重脚轻的感觉,而"people who....or admiration"带有一个较长的定语从句,所以就放在了末尾,另外作者在本句中所强调的部分显然是"often lack those other qualities that evoke affection...
GRE阅读量很大包括写作,新GRE写作要求考生在30分钟+30分钟内分别完成两篇文章,它是美国所有作文考试中时间最长而质量要求最高的一类作文考试。所以我们一定要做好充分的准备,应付这场硬战。下面随小编来看看《GRE写作经典句式》。
1、使用否定的时候,比如:什么什么对个人不好,对社会也不好。为什么不来个倒装?Never/neither/nor/seldom/rarely/on no account + is…
2、当你想表达“如果怎么怎么样,就是另外一种情况”—虚拟语气。为什么不来个虚拟倒装?Were(Had) it…,something would......
3、强调句的使用:It is people who…/ it is something that…
4、让步句式的使用:“无论什么样的情况下”However[No matter how] whatever[no matter what]等等….
还有一种Cogent as this response is, it has some minor errors. Somewhat reasonable as the issue presents, it does not experience a case-by- case examination.
还有比较常用的although... It should be admittedly that…,however it does not follow that/
5、疑问句。用于开头,来个设问句,在自问自答,提出自己观点;用于段中,比如举设想的例子:Can you imagine that…?/ How can one imagine…?
6、定语从句(这个大家一般用的比较熟练,但是注意不要太罗嗦…society where(in which)…,/ something on which we depend (on which…based)
7、The more…the more…句式的使用。人们越幸福,社会越稳定啦、等等。
8、Not only…but also的使用。很好用的,ETS经典的6分范文:专才VS通才不就用了两个嘛?
9、without的使用。从反面说,很是能够增加字数。还是那篇范文的结尾,就来了两个非常妙的without。
10、还有一些比较常用的:There is no denying that…/ there is no doubt that…
11、还有imong的一个句子:So powerful the scandal is that Watergate became the talk of the world.如此..以至于..
...
GRE的作文题是从公开的写作题库中随机抽取的,这看似开卷形式的考试却一点都不简单。题量大,时间紧,考生根本无法一一准备,或许碰运气能碰上有练过的,但这种小概率事件不提倡侥幸心理。所以,考生可以准备一些GRE写作模板,下面是出国留学网为您搜集整理的《GRE作文模板》,包括开头、论据、论证以及结尾段等,希望对您的GRE写作能力能有所提升。
一. 开头
In the argument, the …(主题对象) recommends that …(对结论做论述,基本上可以抄原文,用另外一种方式表达即可). To support this recommendation the argument point out that …(说明文章用了什么论据去证明观点了,同上抄袭即可) however …This argument is logically flawed in several critical respects (说明这篇文章逻辑上是有缺陷的).
二. 论据
1. 调查结果没有证据申明
To begin with, the argument depends on the assumption that… (阐述说出了一个没有根据的申明,并说出文中的原因) —rather than for some other reasons. Yet it is entirely possible that… (说明这种猜测可能的原因) or some other factor. Without ruling out all other reasons why… (重述这个申明)…(说出反方向的结论).
2. 提到了样本,但是数据不具有代表性(数据不够)
Firstly, the author provides no evidence that the survey is statistically reliable. Perhaps the survey’s sample is not sufficient in size or representative of the quality of …(说明对象的数量和质量不够) For that matter, this survey is not strong enough to establish causation between… (在这里列出原因和结果,做比较) However, the other reasons of the survey which (叙述其他原因下的情况). As a result, without the evidence that the survey is statistically reliable the author cannot justifiably draw any conclusion by relying on this survey.
3. 猜测,但是没有证据
Thirdly, the argument assumes that… (阐述文中的猜测) However, the letter provi...
GRE作文拿高分不太容易,为了打好有把握的战,大家还需要认真复习具体的词汇,阅读相关文章为写作做好准备,还需要其他的一些写作技巧,背诵范文、准备例句、撰写事实都是经常采用的手段,还可以再加一些漂亮的句式。下面由出国留学网GRE栏目的小编给大家整理了《怎样构思GRE作文》,希望对你的GRE的阅读考试有帮助哦。
1、使用否定的时候,比如:什么什么对个人不好,对社会也不好。为什么不来个倒装?Never/neither/nor/seldom/rarely/on no account + is…
2、当你想表达“如果怎么怎么样,就是另外一种情况”—虚拟语气。为什么不来个虚拟倒装?Were(Had) it…,something would......
3、强调句的使用:It is people who…/ it is something that…
4、让步句式的使用:“无论什么样的情况下”However[No matter how] whatever[no matter what]等等….
还有一种Cogent as this response is, it has some minor errors. Somewhat reasonable as the issue presents, it does not experience a case-by- case examination.
还有比较常用的although... It should be admittedly that…,however it does not follow that/
5、疑问句。用于开头,来个设问句,在自问自答,提出自己观点;用于段中,比如举设想的例子:Can you imagine that…?/ How can one imagine…?
6、定语从句(这个大家一般用的比较熟练,但是注意不要太罗嗦…society where(in which)…,/ something on which we depend (on which…based)
7、The more…the more…句式的使用。人们越幸福,社会越稳定啦、等等。
8、Not only…but also的使用。很好用的,ETS经典的6分范文:专才VS通才不就用了两个嘛?
9、without的使用。从反面说,很是能够增加字数。还是那篇范文的结尾,就来了两个非常妙的without。
10、还有一些比较常用的:There is no denying that…/ there is no doubt that…
11、还有imong的一个句子:So powerful the scandal is that Watergate became the talk of the world.如此..以至于..
GRE作文考试也算是一种规划,构思、选材、前期储备、后期加工都表现在这个地方。如何在最短的时间里最让别人青睐,还需要多花一些心思,尽量发挥自己的...
《GRE作文技巧》是由出国留学网GRE栏目小编为您提供,供广大考生参考。详情您可以收录出国留学网GRE栏目。
"Unfortunately, the media tend to highlight what is sensational at the moment. Society would be better served if the media reported or focused more fully on events and trends that will ultimately have the most long- term significance."
The speaker asserts that rather than merely highlighting certain sensational events the media should provide complete coverage of more important events. While the speaker’s assertion has merit from a normative standpoint, in the final analysis I find this assertion indefensible.
个人认为这一段最后一句可以背掉放入自己建立的句子库内。
运用了让步的手法,先是分析原作为何出此观点的原因,然后再驳斥,提出自己的“正确”观点。我们要特别留意第一句的架构,虽然过分复杂,但是好像ets就是喜欢这种变态句子。
However, for several reasons I find the media’s current trend toward highlights and the sensational to be justifiable. First, the world is becoming an increasingly eventful place; thus with each passing year it becomes a more onerous task for the media to attempt full news coverage. Second, we are becoming an increasingly busy society. The average U.S. worker spends nearly 60 hours per week at work now; and in most families both spouses work.
从现实需要和事实证明两方面来驳斥原文观点,这一手法不妨借鉴。必须补充的是,运用的”First,…second…”这样的分层次分析使得结构鲜明,表意清晰也是值得学习的。
最后一段照例总结,还可以。
得分:从语言的复杂度和内容的深刻度,=5分!
小编推荐:
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题目:
In order for any work of art—whether film, literature, sculpture, or a song—to have merit, it must be understandable to most people.
任何的艺术作品为了有价值,例如电影、文学、雕塑或者歌曲,都必须让大多数人易于理解。
正文:
The speaker's assertion that art must be understandable to most people to have merit is wrongheaded. Misunderstanding the very nature of work of art, the speaker fails to recognize the final objective of art, which has less to do with the majority appreciation than with individual satisfaction.
Turning first to the function of art, which we have a way of thinking, is provision of pleasure to most people at its most common place. As a matter of fact, it is the other way around. According to what Freud has said, art, in essence, is a kind of release of individual lust, converting the human libido into plentiful creativity. It is through the work of art that artists express their passions, emotions, and desires. From this we can see, art is therefore, first and foremost, concerning with the inner world rather than with the outside one as a whole. The film <8/1/2> directed by the famous Italian director Federico Fellini brings immediately to mind. Albeit appreciated by only a tiny fraction of the sophisticated film critics, this great autobiographic film explores the director’s innermost being and still wins the world's highest honor. The...
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1.text that is substantially similar to that found in one or more other GRE essay responses.
2.quoting or paraphrasing,without attribution,language or ideas that appear in published or unpublished sources.
3.unacknowledged use of work that has been produced through collaboration with others without citation of the contribution of others.
4.essays that are submitted as work of the examinee when the ideas or words have,in fact,been borrowed from elsewhere or prepared by another person.
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下面是新GRE写作论证的时候例子用法的详细解读和分析,供GRE考生参考和借鉴。
为什么要用例子?
用现实或者虚拟的事情,阐明或者加强自己的论证。所以一定要注意,自己用的例子,有没有把之前的论证弄的更清楚了而不是更复杂,加强了而不是削弱或者偏离了自己的论证。
同时不会让自己的论证特别干巴巴.
是不是一定要用例子?
不一定,全文都是例子,也会觉得疲劳,特别是当你的例子不是那么贴切,或者说,表述起来太麻烦的时候。
什么样的例子是好例子?
之前说了,要紧贴自己的论证的。并且要能容易理解的,所以需要美国人有一定认知基础的事情,并且是符合他们价值观的。比如说,伊拉克战争,我们可能会觉得是干涉内政,破坏和平,但是在美国人立场上来看,主流的态度是,反恐是值得的,代价是巨大的。
例子需要是比较强一点的例子,不能不疼不痒的,不能让别人看到了以后觉得,“恩,你说的这个事情当然是这样的。但是你有没有考虑过更棘手一点的情况。” 当然,我们不能写太棘手的情况,像电车悖论这样的,虽然深入,但是没法掌控。
最后例子也不能太有局限性。比如说,我们想证明想象力比知识重要。举例说了科学。那么别人看来就会说“这里只有一个领域,其他领域是什么情况呢?” 解决这个问题,就需要你列举不同的领域,或者是,写科学,然后写为什么其他领域和科学里面是一样的。
例子该如何写?
前面也说过一些要领了:一定要紧贴论证的思路,不能散了;要尽量写清楚,不要写复杂了。
不要提供不相关的信息,和大家众所周知又对你论证不是非常必要的内容。举个不恰当的例子,说爱因斯坦和相对论的时候,不需要说爱因斯坦的其他理论;说莱特兄弟发明飞机的时候,没有必要说他们当时在哪个州。这些看似比较显而易见,但是如果自己比较随意,就会有很多不相关的信息传递出去。
不能只提供例子,不提供对例子的分析,哪怕只有一句话。例子出现的时刻,应该是分析到了一定程度,水到渠成了自然出现。然后例子之后,最好再加1-2句为什么这个例子能支撑我的观点,或者是,我们能从这个例子看出什么,或者是,这个例子为什么很重要。这样就显得饱满。
从上面几个要点,大家也能看出来,例子其实不能展得太开。一个观点段,大概只有6-8句话。那么例子差不多也就2句话。有些例子可能只有一句话,或者只有一个such as blablabla. 一定要精练,例子才能成为文章的亮点和助力。
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拆分法
分析题目极为有效的一种手段,其基本原理就是面对一个云山雾罩的抽象的大的概念,将其一分为二或者一分为多进行分别讨论。
解析法
通过对题目主体的需求进行分析,从而找到支持论证的有说服力的理由与典型的论据。主体需求,可以是个人,教育,社会,政府与文化发展等方面的需求。
正反法
对题目的主张或者结论分成两面分析。没有绝对对错,哪边理由与例证多我们走哪边。也可写成让步式或者对照式两面论证。
比较法
适用于题干中两个对等概念的比较。
这四种解题办法可以交替结合使用,我们一起来看一下典型的例子:
例子:"Students should bring a certain skepticism to whatever they study.They should question what they are taught instead of accepting it passively."
相信这个题会比较简单。大的概念是Study是否需要质疑,要看学习的内容。
1.如果是Well established principles and theories,就别质疑争议了吧?各专业的同学可以列举出一堆这样的内容。
2.如果是Controversial issues,就质疑争议好了。找你最有话可说的领域争议一番。
最好写的可质疑争议内容包括:Stem cell research,abortion,same sex marriage,nuclear power 等。
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