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托福写作词汇使用有3大技巧：托福写作高分 的必要因素包括准确的词汇和词组;严密的逻辑结构，有力的主题和论据等。一般来说，托福写作词汇使用有3方面的技巧：选词时要符合语言习惯并与社会文化诸多背景一致;选词时要考虑主题、对象及情景;应把握好英语和汉语词汇无法对应的部分。
一般来说，要把握选词的准确性， 可以从下面三方面入手：
1、选词时要符合语言习惯并与社会文化诸多背景一致
例如，英美人对landlord和peasant两词的理解与中国人截然不同。英美人对前者的理解首先是“房东”，然后才是“地主”;而 peasant一词对他们来说意味着“粗俗”与“无知”，此词多少带有贬义色彩。再如propaganda一词在中国并不带有西方人所理解的贬意;而 First lady (第一夫人)绝不能理解为汉语的原配夫人，因此在写作中应特别注意这类词，否则会导致冒犯和误解。由于东西方社会历史文化的差异，许多词所引申或代表的内容也大相径庭，Phoenix在西方象征“复活”、“再生”，而汉语的这一词却表示“祥瑞”。Peach在汉语中象征“长寿”而在英语中却用以指代“特别讨人喜爱的人或物”。又比如在表示色彩的词中green是青春的颜色，常表示希望、活力，但在英语中green又与“妒忌” (to be green with envy，green-eyed)和“没有经验的”(a green horn)联系起来。如果没有广泛的阅读积累，养成经常查字典的良好习惯，单凭想当然地选词，势必会词不达意。即使同一事物，在美国和英国也可能有不同 http://toefl.533.com的表达。例如：corn一词在美国指“玉米”而在英国泛指“谷物”;“地铁”在英国用tube或 underground美国则用subway。此类的例子还有pavement/sidewalk， Chemists‘ shop/drug store等。
2、在英语写作中特别要注意区分同义词，选词时要考虑主题、对象及情景
由于历史的原因，现代英语除本族语外，还包括大量的法语和拉丁来源的饲，这就使英语的同义词相当丰富。总的来讲，英语本族语大多是短词，小词，听起来朴素)亲切，大量用于口头表达：法语来源的词庄重文雅，多与行政、宗教、军事、服饰等有关;拉丁来源的词，书卷味浓， 如ask，question，inter-rogate这三个不同来源的同义词在不同的主题、对象、情景下用法就不一样。同义词除了来源的不同会影响措词的选择外，它们在程度、感情色彩上也有不同。比如“瘦”可以用slender，slim，lean， thin，underweight，gaunt， lanky，skinny等来表达，而sleder表示“苗条”是褒义的，skinny却是贬义的，underweight则是中性的词。即使同是褒义词，表达的感情色彩也不同。比如little和petite两个同义词当用来描绘女子时，都意为“个子小”的，但petite同时还有“匀称”的意义，而 little更强调“可爱的”或“可怜的”，根据不同的上下文，它还有“http://toefl.533.com纤小”、“娇小”或“弱小”等不同意义。因此在选词表达思想时，一定要分清主题，对象及情景。
另外，让中国学生头痛的是一些同义词的习惯搭配。比如large和big都...
一、重申立场
"It is difficult for people to achieve professional success without sacrificing important aspects of a fulfilling personal life."
In conclusion, given the growing demands of career on today's professionals, a fulfilling personal life remains possible by working smarter, by setting priorities, and by making suitable career choices.
二、重申立场+总结理由
"Since science and technology are becoming more and more essential to modern society, schools should devote more time to teaching science and technology and less to teaching the arts and humanities."
In conclusion, schools should not devote less time to the arts and humanities. These areas of study augment and enhance learning in mathematics and science, as well as helping to preserve the richness of our entire human legacy while inspiring us to further it. Moreover, disciplines within the humanities provide methods and contexts for evaluating the morality of our technology and for determining its proper direction.
三、让步+重申立场
"Job security and salary should be based on employee performance, not on years of service. Rewarding employees primarily for years of service discourages people from maintaining consistently high levels of productivity."
In the final analysis, the statement correctly identifies job performance as the single best criterion for salary and job security. However, the ...
本文重点讲述其中的两个非常重要的写作原则，我把它们称之为“言简朴实原则”和“平等相处原则”。
新托福作为国外类考试之一，写作行文的地道不仅反映了考生的写作水平，更体现了考生的思维方式和能力。 托福写作不如口语那么白话文式，也不如GRE类写作那么学术性强，但是这并不影响用词的表达地道。
一、言简朴实原则
所谓“言简朴实原则”，就是行文不啰嗦，句子应越短越好，如果一个字能说清楚的，就不要用两个字。
例如：At this point in time，we should pull together for our goal. 现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致。
这句话中“At this point in time”表示“现在”，我们完全可以用now来代替。
In the majority of cases，he likes to ride bike to the office. 他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室。
很简单的一句话，完全可以写成 He usually likes to ride bike to the office。
平时我们所说的用词多样化和地道并不是体现在这些时间副词或者是完全可以简化的啰嗦句型上，而是指实用性极强的词如动词和形容词，比如：
Original：Solving trivial problems in the dorm will add your social experience and help you to understand other people's feelings and learn to be kind。
Revised： Solving trivial problems in the dorm will enrich your social experience and help you to understand other people's feelings and learn to be considerate。
add，kind表达的含义都比较宽泛。 add可以指数量上的增加，也可以指程度的加强，对于“丰富经验、增加知识”这个意思，用enrich会使表达更准确。
kind从字面意义上讲是“好的、善良的”， 厦门托福 用kind来形容人无法具体地表现出一个人的性格特征到底怎样，原句中是想表达“考虑周到、体贴入微”的特点，要准确表达这个含义应选择considerate。
另外，我们常见的一些累赘用词表现在句意的理解上。
比如：He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。他有多年经商的经验。
actual是多余的，因为experience已经有actual的意味了。
We assembled(together) all the parts for our radio.我们装好收音机的零件。
assemble本身就有together的意思，因此together是多余的。“
二、平等相处原则
149. PR In your country, is there more need for land to be left in its natural condition or is there more need for land to be developed for housing and industry? Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.
Even though our population is increasing and land is needed for housing and development. I hope that our country will saved the land in its natural state for future generations to enjoy. This land would be good for promoting tourism, for preserving the environment, and for remembering our history.
Although tourism has many negative side effects, it is an industry that can create enormous revenues. Tourism of course needs something to see. They will not come to our country to see rows of apartment buildings or new industrial parks. What is interesting for tourists is the pristine countryside that our country is known for.
Preserving the land as it is, would be good for the environment. More factories and other industries would further pollute our rivers and air. We need frees and wide open spaces to make us feel like humans, not machines.
Untouched land reminds us of our history. When we walk through the countryside, we can imagine our ancestors on the same path. If we cover the earth with asphalt and concrete, we will loose touch with our past. We will forget our roots.
Preserving the land is good not only for the economy and environment, it is good for us as citize...
1、不一致(Disagreements)
所谓不一致不光指主谓不一致，它还包括了数的不一致、时态不一致及代词不一致等。
例1. When one have money ，he can do what he want to.
人一旦有了钱，他就能想干什么就干什么。
剖析：one是单数第三人称，因而本句的have应改为has; 同理，want应改为wants。本句是典型的主谓不一致。
改为：Once one has money ，he can do what he wants (to do)
2、修饰语错位(Misplaced Modifiers)
英语与汉语不同，同一个修饰语置于句子不同的位置，句子的含义可能引起变化。对于这一点中国学生往往没有引起足够的重视，因而造成了不必要的误解。
例1、 I believe I can do it well and I will better know the world outside the campus.
剖析：better位置不当，应置于句末。
3、句子不完整(Sentence Fragments)
在口语中，交际双方可借助手势语气上下文等，不完整的句子完全可以被理解。可是书面语就不同了，句子结构不完整会令意思表达不清，这种情况常常发生在主句写完以后，笔者又想加些补充说明时发生。
例1、There are many ways to know the society. For example by TV, radio, newspaper and so on.
剖析：本句后半部分“for example by TV ，radio ，newspaper and so on 。”不是一个完整的句子，仅为一些不连贯的词语，不能独立成句。
改为：There are many ways to know society, for example, by TV, radio, and newspaper.
4、悬垂修饰语(Dangling Modifiers)
所谓悬垂修饰语是指句首的短语与后面句子的逻辑关系混乱不清。
例如：At the age of ten, my grandfather died. 这句中“at the age of ten”只点出十岁时，但没有说明“ 谁”十岁时。按一般推理不可能是my grandfather，如果我们把这个悬垂修饰语改明确一点，全句就不那么费解了。
改为：When I was ten, my grandfather died.
例1、To do well in college， good grades are essential.
剖析：句中不定式短语 “to do well in college” 的逻辑主语不清楚。
改为：To do well in college， a student needs good ...
托福写作的题材涉及面很广，不过很多都是跟我们的生活息息相关的事物和现象，所以我们可以在托福写作备考的时候抓住一些易考点搜集托福写作素材，一旦考到类似的作文题目，也有话可谈，下面，我们就来积累一些“关于健康”的托福写作素材。
1.运动
In contemporary society, a multitude of people are increasingly aware of the fundamentality of maintaining health, so as to enjoying better life quality and longevity. In order to possess a healthy body, not only need we keep a nutritious diet and adequate sleep, it is crucial for individuals to form the habit of exercising regularly, as sports and health are intrinsically connected. Doing sports will greatly increase people's metabolism, and strengthen our physique. Sports also help to refresh people's mind from brainwork all day and night, and even more surprisingly, exercising can stimulate people's brains to work more actively and creatively. Overall, sports are not the business of a small group of athletes, but a life-long pursuit that every person should bear in mind and endeavor to put it into practice. Not only do sports benefit individuals, the improvement of the nation's health would be a huge contribution to our country's development.
We might also cite an allegorical story. It is said that an individual’s life is accompanied with five balls, which are lover, family, career, health and friend. Lover, family, career and friends are all rubber balls, consequently, it could bound back when falling to ground. On the contrast, health is the unique glass ball, which is fragile enough...
托福写作的题材涉及面很广，不过很多都是跟我们的生活息息相关的事物和现象，所以我们可以在托福写作备考的时候抓住一些易考点搜集托福写作素材，一旦考到类似的作文题目，也有话可谈，下面，我们就来积累一写“科技传媒类”的托福写作素材。
1.广告所造成的影响:
正面影响
A. For customers, advertising plays an imperative part in making them aware of the worth of the product or service.
B. For business, advertising facilitates manufacturers in creating product awareness among the public.
C. Apart from commercial advertising, public service advertisement plays a vital and irreplaceable role in our society.
负面影响
A. Advertisements create stereotyped aesthetic and behavioral models that may influence people’s values early in their lives.
B. Too many advertisements are seen on TV screens and in newspapers or magazines.
C. Advertising has an overall adverse impact on children and young people. For example, children or young people often misunderstand advertising which in turn can lead to inappropriate behavior.
2.传媒
Times have not become more violent. They have just become more televised.
--Marilyn Manson
The Internet is like alcohol in some sense. It accentuates what you would do anyway. If you want to be a loner, you can be more alone. If you want to connect, it makes it easier to connect.
censorship
fraud
Do you think all the news is true?
Not all the news is true. Broadsheet newspapers some...
上次简单地介绍了一些英语暗喻的用法实例，这次我们继续，并且讨论拟人的用法。
1.You need to budget your time.
做一下时间上的安排
budget原意是“做预算”，这里就是说“做一下时间上的安排”
2.Put aside some time for ping pong.
预留一些时间
put aside原先和money搭配，比如：Put aside some money for your retirement. 表示“存钱”，这里的意思就是要“预留一些时间”
3.Is that worth your while?
这样做，对你有好处吗
while原意表示“一段时间”，这里意思就是说“这值得你去这样做吗?”或者说“这样做，对你有好处吗?”
4.Do you have much time left?
5.He's living on borrowed time.
他可能不久就要过世了。(大限已近)
(living) on borrowed time或者be on borrowed time的意思就是说“很可能要失败了或者说很可能要死了。”比如：The government is living on borrowed time. 这个政府可能马上就要倒台了。
6.You don't use your time profitably.
你没有有效利用时间。
profitable原意是指“有利润的;赢利的”
7.I lost a lot of time when I got sick.
8.Thank you for your time.
Personification 拟人
1.His theory explained to me the behaviors of chickens raised in factories.
2.This fact argues against the standard theories.
3.Life has cheated me.
4.Inflation is eating up our profits.
通货膨胀把利润都抵消了
Eat up原意是“吃完”的意思，这里就是“通货膨胀把利润都抵消了。”
5.His religion tells him that he cannot drink fine French wines.
6.The Michelson-Morley experiment gave birth to a new physical theory.
7.Cancer finally caught up with him.
这里的catch up with 表示 “对。。。产生影响”
8.Inflation has att...
像中文一样，英语当中也有暗喻(metaphor)。 文中的例子来自《Metaphors we live by》这本书。掌握些暗喻，会使得我们的英文书面和口头表达更加地道。比如“这场辩论是一场没有硝烟的战争。”这句话就是一句典型的暗喻，主体就是 “辩论是战争”翻译成英文就是：ARGUMENT IS WAR
示例：
1.He attacked every weak point in my argument.
他对我的辩词中的薄弱点进行了猛烈地攻击。
2.His criticisms were right on target.
他的批评切入要害。
target原意是“目标，靶子”，那right on target就是说“正中靶子”
3.I demolished his argument.
我驳倒了他的观点
demolish有“拆毁，拆除(建筑物)”的意思，而在这里就是“推翻，驳倒(观点或理论)”
4.I've never won an argument with him.
我辩不过他
5.You disagree? Okay, shoot!
你不同意是吧，好，那你反驳啊!
shoot原意是：“开枪”，而在这里意译就是“反驳”
5.If you use that strategy, he'll wipe you out.
strategy 原意是“战略，策略，行动计划等”
wipe 原意是“(用手、布)擦干净，抹掉”
这里wipe you out就表示“彻底打败你”或者说“彻底驳倒你”
6.He shot down all of my arguments.
shoot down原意是“击落，击倒”，这里就是“驳倒”的意思。
7.我们平时时常讲这样一句话：“一寸光阴一寸金。”
简单来说就是“时间是钱”
翻成英文就是“TIME IS MONEY”
这是一句我们平时生活中很典型的暗喻，因为时间和金钱有着一些很相似的特征：有限，宝贵等等。对应成英语可以说：Time is money. Time is a limited resource. Time is a valuable commodity.
由于这样的一些相似性，于是便有以下一些例子的用法：
a.You're wasting my time.
b.This gadget will save you hours.
这个小装置可以帮你省很多时间。
c.I don't have the time to give you.
d.How do you spend your time these days?
e.That flat tire cost me an hour.
(修理)这个爆胎(漏气车胎)花了我一个小时。
一、综合写作
之前就听到很多大牛们说综合写作只要把听力的内容写得越多越详细，分数就越高，所以对综合写作的听力总怀有畏惧心理。
现在想想，练过听力和口语之后，这里的听力也没那么可怕。我只练过2篇综合写作，一篇是在课上，而且只练了做笔记没有实际去写，第二篇就是TPO里的。
考场上我听得也不是很好，只是把分论点以及一些细节听到了，有几个例子的都没怎么记下来，最后两句还没听清…不过那个好像对分论点没太大影响，是个扩展的内容…总之就是听得不是特别好，但开头段按自己琢磨好的句式那样写，接下来的几段也是不停地敲啊敲，敲了好多字上去，总算在1分钟前写完了。最后的结果竟然是Good(4-5分)。
看来综合写作对听力的要求真的不是大家想象的那么高，其实无非就是把教授如何反驳文章中三个分论点挺清楚，例子都是阅读文章里的所以不用记，听力里主要是在讲阅读文章中的例子有哪些缺陷或不严谨的地方，从而无法成为有效的论据，甚至成为别的观点的论据……这一思路其实很想GRE写作里的 Argument，所以我在考场上用了很多当初准备argument时候的句式和表达，都可以通用的。
这一类的写作模式很固定，我觉得看几篇范文自己练几篇找到适合自己的写作套路(尤其开头段，自己事先想好，因为综合写作模式都很固定，所以可以用同一个开头模板写任何内容，开头精彩的话会给考官好印象的，尽管他自己可能不承认被外表的美吸引了。)我自己没练过太多所以更多的经验也没法写了，只能说 GRE的基础让我的作文有所受益，但每个人只要认真写几篇肯定也会熟能生巧。
二、独立写作
自己练过的那一篇是不限时写的，花了大概一个多小时，然后用了半天时间去修改。基本上每一段都有大的改动，加了不少自己认为很漂亮的段落或句子，改完之后还比较满意。
其实改的过程就是一个提高的过程，千万不能写完了不改就扔在一边，那样只能停留在原来的水平。推荐大家先不限时写几篇，写完一篇就立刻打印出来逐字逐句修改(电脑上改容易偷懒)，把过于简单的词和句子一一替换，注意别用太难的词和没把握的词，能用到6级词汇就差不多了，心情好了再拽两个托福词汇上去也就足够了。
我觉得最好用的就是形容词和副词，可以记几个托福水平的精彩形容词和副词，这在寄托太傻上面多的是，选择自己看着顺眼的，在平凡的名词前加好看的形容词，在平淡的句子里随处放置抢眼的副词，这样文章一下子就丰富起来了。
还有一招我每次考试必用的，就是插入语。比如“However, I maintain that…”就有意识地改成“I maintain, however, that…”哪怕是用正常的语序敲出来了，也要删掉把它重新改成插入语，因为这样可以避免每次都用过于明显的转折词开头，也算句式变换的一种吧。
总之别人没写自己写了，那体现出来的就叫差距。当然也不能每句都这么写，太刻意了，其他可以当插入语的还有很多，像什么”personally”, “to some extent”,“therefore”等等，是个副词就可以往里插的，加入这些词往往会使观点看起来更客观。不过前提是保持语义完整，还有就是读起来要通顺……不然就适得其反了。
改作文还需要做的一点就是用新东方的讲义也好网友总结的也好，找...
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