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大家做好准备迎接考试了吗?出国留学网托福栏目诚意整理“托福阅读材料：梦的起源”，欢迎广大考生前来学习。
做梦就是正常人发“神经病”( dream and sleep)
梦是生活中难解之谜，自古以来引起各种各样的解释和猜想。释梦几乎是精神分析医生及占卜者所独有。笔者就近期对脑电波、香味、音乐与气功的研究科学观点出发，尝试努力把哲学、生理学、心理学及脑科学知识融为一体客观地去探索“睡与梦”的机理，寻找启发性新理论来满足科学及哲学范畴对“睡与梦”解释的需要。透过对“睡与梦”探讨过程，希能使朋友们更好地去认识您自己，发掘自己的潜能。
慢波和快波睡眠
从脑电波“EEG“对睡眠的研究得知，我们每天从入睡到起床的睡眠皆会做梦。睡眠过程中有慢波及快波两种睡眠“参考图一”，入睡开始时先会很快进入慢波睡眠，大约九十分钟後会进入第一次快波睡眠，快波和慢波两者交替发生，一夜的睡眠中约出现三至五次快慢波循环。第一个快波睡眠周期约五分锺长，随後第二个快波睡眠周期按比例渐加长时间。快波睡眠时，睡者有快速眼球转动“REM”的特别现象。快波睡眠时如叫醒睡者，他就知道正在做梦，如果做梦之後过五分锺才叫醒睡者就不会知道自己曾经做过梦。世界各地的睡眠研究报告均证实人在快波睡眠期会做梦，因此快波睡眠又称为“做梦期”。
脑神经生理学及精神分析学对“梦”的解释
对梦的解释不论古今中外都引起广泛兴趣及争论，大致可分脑神经生理学及精神分析学两学派：
1.脑神经生理学者克里克“F.Crick”是近代代表者。
他认为做事是为了整理记忆，梦并不是提醒我们什麽，而是通过快波睡眠忘记无用讯息，避免储存讯息过度饱和而造成混乱。做事时主要是大脑的脑干部份产生兴奋，发出讯号引起脑视觉区出现影像，前脑把传送到视觉区讯号勉强编成梦，若浪费精力去解释梦意义是毫无价值。
2.精神分析学者佛洛伊德“S.Freud”认为：人有根多欲望和想法被压抑在潜意识深处。入睡後，彼压抑的欲望和观念便会在梦中偷偷进入意识里，但它们是经过化装的，真实意义已经过象征化或符号化。对梦作分析可以了解压抑与问题所在“也可预先参考图二”。
从电脑学发掘“梦”的新理论
快波睡眠等于做梦吗?实验报告证明快波睡眠期约有百分之七十机会做梦。但如果说快波睡眠就是做梦期，在母体内的胎儿及新生儿，快波睡眠高达百分之五十五至百分百。为什麽人生经验几乎是零的胎儿及新生儿，脑中还有什麽压抑欲望或无用讯息须花费那麽多时间去做梦?不论克里克或佛洛伊德的理论都无法获得满意答案。纽曼“T.Newman”和伊凡斯“C.Evans”两位学者提出从电脑角度去胁助理解人脑做梦机制，他们把人脑入睡後不能感知外界讯息时比拟电脑需暂停正常运作始能输入新程式或修改旧程式，来解释快波睡眠期可能是人脑在膳录或修改程式的时刻。此新启发性理论可满意解释胎儿及新生儿需要那麽长的快波睡眠，因为他们脑中的蛋白质分子正忙著在其脑纹上膳录生存本能及生活所必需的大量程式。此电脑程式观点不仅能把佛洛伊德和克里克理论互相沟通，同时对于析解各种人脑之谜注前迈跨一步。
梦境探讨
梦是一种正常的生理、心理现象，正如入经过白天活动後需要睡眠让身心获得充份休息来消除疲劳。梦对心理方面具有调和与舒解的作用。假使没有梦，许多人可能早就会得神经病了。佛洛伊德认为：做...
小伙伴们一起来看看出国留学网托福栏目的小编为大家带来的“备考托福阅读必看背景材料”吧~希望对大家有所帮助哦!
The research is published online in the journal Nature Geoscience(地球科学). El Nino is a periodic(周期的)warming in the eastern tropical Pacific that occurs along the coast of South America. Recently, scientists have noticed that El Nino warming is stronger in the Central Pacific rather than the Eastern Pacific, a phenomenon known as El Nino Modoki (Modoki is a Japanese term for "similar, but different").
Last year, the journal Nature published a paper that found climate change is behind this shift from El Nino to El Nino Modoki. While the findings of that paper are still being debated, this latest paper in Nature Geoscience presents evidence that El Nino Modoki drives a climate pattern known as the North Pacific Gyre Oscillation (NPGO).
"We've found that El Nino Modoki is responsible for changes in the NPGO,"said Emanuele Di Lorenzo, associate professor in the School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences at the Georgia Institute of Technology. "The reason this is important is because the NPGO has significant effects on fish stocks(鱼类)and ocean nutrient distributions(海洋营养分布)in the Pacific, especially along the west coast of the United States."
The NPGO, first named two years ago by Di Lorenzo and colleagues in a paper in Geophysical Research Letters, explained for the first time long-term changes in ocean circulation of the North Pacific, which scientists now link to an increasing number...
为了帮助考生们更好地备考托福，出国留学网托福栏目为大家带来“托福阅读材料之你需要掌握的能力”，希望对大家有所帮助哦!
The ability to manage money
理财能力
"I definitely think students should be financiallyastute before they get to college and have at leastread some books on money management," Bayorsays.
巴约尔表示：“我当然认为，学生们在进入大学之前应当对财政敏感，至少已经阅读了一些关于理财的书籍。”
She explains that, for many college students, thiswill be the first time many of them are controllingtheir finances, and the academic rigors maydistract them from doing so effectively.
她解释道，对于很多大学生而言，这将是他们首次管理自己的资产，学术上的严谨性可能会分散他们有效理财的能力。
To better manage their money, Bayor says students should know how to create a budget, livewithin their means, and not accrue credit card debt.
巴约尔说道，为了更好地理财，学生们应该知道如何建立预算，依靠自己的方式生活，不背负信用卡债务。
Time management
时间管理
"I also think students need to know how to balance their time, as college is about being fullyself-motivated and structuring time to finish papers and classwork without having anyonelooking over you to make sure you're doing the reading or completing assignments," Bayor says. "Your success is based on you."
巴约尔表示：“我还认为学生们需要知道如何平衡他们的时间，因为大学无非就是完全依靠自我激励，组织时间完成论文和功课，而无需别人监督你来确保进行阅读和完成任务。你的成功在于你自己。”
Conflict...
为了帮助大家更好的备考托福，出国留学网托福栏目为大家整理了“托福阅读材料：美国人过感恩节”，希望对大家有所帮助哦!
This Thursday is Thanksgiving Day. The writer O. Henry called it the one day that is purely American. Thanksgiving is not a religious holiday. But it has spiritual meaning. Some Americans attend religious services on the day before Thanksgiving, or on Thanksgiving morning. Others travel long distances to be with their families. They have a large dinner, which is the main part of the celebration.
本周四是感恩节。作家欧·亨利把这一天称为“纯美国式”的节日。感恩节不是一个宗教节日，但它有宗教方面的含义。一些美国人在感恩节的前一天或是感恩节的早上参加宗教仪式，还有的长途跋涉和他们的家人团聚。感恩节的主要庆祝方式是一桌丰盛的家庭晚宴。
For many Americans, Thanksgiving is the only time when all members of a family gather. The holiday is a time of family reunion.
对许多美国人来说，感恩节这一天是所有家庭成员欢聚一堂的难得时光。这个节日是家人团聚的时刻。
Thanksgiving week is generally one of the busiest travel times of the year. Many Americans who usually visit family and friends by plane are driving shorter distances instead this week. Some mental-health experts say the attacks have frightened people. They say people feel safer and happier close to home.
感恩节这一周通常是全年中人们出行最为繁忙的时段之一。许多经常坐飞机走亲访友的美国人这一周将改为短途驾车。一些心理健康专家认为，恐怖袭击令人们感到恐慌。他们说，人们在离家较近的地方会觉得更安全、更快乐。
More than any other holiday, Thanksgiving is a celebration of family and home. Many people say that this year they are especially thankful for their families and friends and the good things in their lives. On Thanksgiving, people enjoy a long day of cooking, eating a...
为了帮助广大考生们更加有效的提高托福阅读成绩，出国留学网托福考试栏目为大家提供“2016托福阅读材料整理：年轻的自己”，希望考生们能有所收获。
Looking back at my younger years, I am sometimes amazed at how life has turned out. Nothing is exactly what I had originally planned for. The only thing that stays the same is who I am, my values, and my interests. If I could go back in time and hang out with my younger self for a day, here's what I would tell her.
回首年轻的时候，有时我会惊讶于生活的变迁。一切都不是我最初计划的样子，唯一不变的是我自己、我的价值观和我的兴趣。如果我能回到过去和年轻时的自己漫步一整天，下面就是我要对自己说的。
1. Everything happens for a reason.
一切事情都有原因。
Without mistakes and failure, you would never have learned. Without pain, you would never have grown. Once you understand this，you will know that everything comes in to serve a purpose. So don't stress or think that life is unfair, because everything happens for a reason. And only time will tell what it will teach us.
要是没有错误和失败，你就不会学到东西;要是没有痛苦，你就不会长大。一旦你明白了这些，你就知道了一切事情都是为了某种目的而发生。所以不要紧张或者认为生活不公平，因为一切事情都有原因，只有时间能诉说教会了我们什么。
2. Focus on one thing at a time. You can have it all but not all at once.
一次只关注一件事。你将会拥有一切，但不能一次就全部实现。
It is not surprising that many of us are doing too many things at once. We need to make ends meet. But if you are working three jobs at a time, it is not likely that you will succeed at any of them. You have to keep your eyes on the big picture. You have to ask yourself what exactly do you want to achieve for the next 10 years? Focus on one thing at...
为了帮助广大考生们更加有效的提高托福阅读成绩，出国留学网托福考试栏目为大家提供“2016托福阅读材料：教育”，希望考生们能有所收获。
想必近两个月好多小伙伴都被米歇尔·奥巴马挺希拉里的那段演讲圈粉了，的确，这位美国历史上的首位非洲裔第一夫人不光是位成功的政客和律师，也是一位非常杰出的演讲者。
近日，米歇尔又在TED做了一次精彩的演讲，恳请学生们以及全社会重视教育。英大为大家找来了带双语字幕的视频，并奉上语言点解析：
The special relationship between the United States and the U.K. is based not only on the relationship between governments, but the common language and the values that we share.
美国和英国之间的特殊关系，不只是建立于政府间的往来，更建立在我们共同的语言和价值观上。
Common最为人熟知的意义是“一般的，普通的”，其实它还被用来表达“在某个群体中共同的”，因此这里的common language不是“普通的语言”，而是“共用的语言”。
And I'm reminded of that by watching you all today.
看见你们就使我想到这一点。
许多中国人在用remind的时候，都只习惯用sb. reminds sb.的句型，因此讲话的时候总觉得需要给remind找个发起者。其实地道的英语使用者经常会用米歇尔的这样的句型，直接用被动语态。
During my visit I've been especially honored to meet some of Britan's most extraordinary women.
在我访问期间，我特别荣幸地会见了英国一些最出色的女士。
Especially除了教科书上讲的“尤其”这个意思，其实也和very一样被用来表示“非常”、“特别”。
And although the circumstances of our lives may seem very distant, with me standing here as the First lady of the United States of America, and you, just getting through school.
虽然我们的现状很不一样，我作为美国第一夫人站在这里，而你们还正在上学。
distant在这里和different一样，表示“不同的”。
with me在这里不是“和我”的意思，这里的with是用来在主句之外陈述一个与主句相关的事实。with sb./sth. doing sth. 或者with sb./sth. as sth.
And I was a product of a working-class community.
我出身于工人阶级。
这里的product是引申义，并非“产品”，它被用来表示“出身于哪里”。比如你还可以说：I am a p...
在托福阅读的备考中，同学们不要忘了积累阅读经验哦。出国留学网托福栏目为大家带来关于留守儿童的托福阅读素材，希望能帮到大家!
关于留守儿童的托福阅读素材
Pity the children 同情孩子们
There are 70m reasons to ease China’s curbs on internal migration
IMAGINE you are a young married man or woman in rural China. There are no jobs, so you find work in a big city, perhaps 1,000 miles away. Butgovernment restrictions mean that if you take your children with you they will almost certainly not be able to attend schools where you live, or visit a state doctor. And if your parents come to share the child care, their pension will be too small for them to live on. What do you do?
想象你是一位中国农村的已婚男女。在你居住的地方没有工作，于是你在离家1000英里外的地方找到一份工作。但是政府的限制意味着，如果你把你的孩子带在身边，他们几乎确定不能在你工作居住的地方上学，又或者是去公立医院。如果你的父母过来帮助照看孩子，他们的养老金少的不足以生活。若是这样，你会怎么做?
For the parents of 61m Chinese children, the answer is to leave them behind in the villages where they were born, to be looked after by grandparents (often illiterate) or other relatives. Another 9m are left in one city by parentsworking in another. The 70m total is almost the number of all the children in the United States.
对于6100万孩子的父母来说，答案是把孩子留在他们出生的村子，由祖辈(通常是文盲)或者其他亲属来照看，另外900万被父母留在城市。而他们的父母，在另一个城市工作。这7000万孩子几乎相当于美国儿童的总和。
These so-called “left-behind children” are a dark facet of China’s shining economic development. They make up a disproportionate share of the populatio...
同学们在备考托福阅读的时候，大量的练习和阅读量是必不可少的。出国留学网托福栏目为大家带来关于信息安全类的托福阅读素材，希望能有所帮助哦!
关于信息安全类的托福阅读素材
Today, tracking consumers is far more intrusive than the public realizes. For example, the top 50 websites in the US on average installed 64 pieces of tracking technology onto the computers of visitors, usually with no warning.
现如今，追踪技术的植入程度已经远超社会大众的想象。例如，全美最大的50家网站平均在访问者的电脑上安装了64种追踪技术，而且通常都没有任何警告。
The "cookie"- a tiny text file put on your PC by websites or marketing firms which might be used to remember your preferences for one site,or to track you across many sites-is already old news. There are new and more complex tools such as "beacons" which scan in real time what people are doing on a webpage. These beacons instantly assess the Internet user's location, income, shopping interests and even medical conditions.
过去，网站或营销公司会在你的电脑上安装一个小文本(cookie)，用来记录你对一个网站的喜好，或者跟踪你访问各个网站的情况。但如今，像beacon这种更新颖、更复杂的软件可以在人们浏览网页时进行实时扫描，然后立即对用户的地址、收入、购物兴趣，甚至医疗条件等因素进行评估。
Tracking files get onto websites and are downloaded to a computer, in several ways. Often, companies simply pay sites to distribute their tracking files. But tracking companies sometimes hide their files within free software offered to websites, or hide them within other tracking files or ads. When this happens, websites aren't always aware that they're installing the files on visitors' computers.
...
马上要迎来8份的托福考试了，同学们都准备好了吗?出国留学网托福栏目为大家带来托福双语阅读材料，希望对大家有所帮助哦!
托福双语阅读材料
Hustle. That’s what Liz Wessel, the 26 year-old founder and CEO of WayUp, attributes her rapid success to. WayUp is the largest marketplace for jobs for US college students and recent grads.
At our recent brunchwork NYC startup workshop at WeWork, it was evident why WayUp has grown so much in such a short time.
“I saw first-hand how ridiculous it was that 20,000 people were relying on a small office of 10 people called Career Services to help them all get jobs.”
After finding her cofounder J.J. Fliegelman by hacking into a University of Pennsylvania database, Liz Wessel began building her startup, which now has over 9,000 paying customers. Here’s how she did it:
WayUp是目前美国最大的大学生求职网站，然而很少有人知道，这家网站的创始人兼CEO竟然只是个26岁的年轻姑娘。当被问到她何以这么快取得成功时，莉兹·韦塞尔只说了两个字：“抓紧”。
最近，在创业服务公司WeWork召开的一次Brunchwork纽约创业研讨会上，从莉兹·韦塞尔的发言中，我们不难看出WayUp为什么在短时间内增长得如此之快。
“我曾亲眼看见，2万多人都指望一个只有10人的所谓‘就业服务中心’来替他们找工作。”
韦塞尔认识创业合伙人的经历也颇为传奇。她侵入了宾西法尼亚大学的数据库，靠这种方法找到了合伙人J·弗里格曼，随后建立了自己的公司。如今，WayUp已拥有9,000余名付费用户。那么，她又是怎样做到这一切的?
1. She built a marketplace
“Two-sided marketplaces are incredibly hard to build,” Liz said. “There is usually one side that is easier to build than the other. The side that pays is harder to acquire.”
WayUp encou...
马上要迎来8份的托福考试了，同学们都准备好了吗??出国留学网托福栏目为大家带来托福阅读材料之The Mystery of Yawning，希望对大家有所帮助哦!
托福阅读材料之The Mystery of Yawning
The Mystery of Yawning
哈欠谜团
P1: According to conventional theory, yawning takes place when people are bored or sleepy and serves the function of increasing alertness by reversing, through deeper breathing, the drop in blood oxygen levels that are caused by the shallow breathing that accompanies lack of sleep or boredom. Unfortunately, the few scientific investigations of yawning have failed to find any connection between how often someone yawns and how much sleep they have had or how tired they are. About the closest any research has come to supporting the tiredness theory is to confirm that adults yawn more often on weekdays than at weekends, and that school children yawn more frequently in their first year at primary school than they do in kindergarten.
难词解析：
conventional adj.传统的
yawning n. 打哈欠
function n. 作用
boredom n. 厌倦
accompany v. 陪伴
难句解析：
According to conventional theory, yawning takes place [when people are bored or sleepy and serves the function of increasing alertness by reversing, through deeper breathing, the drop in blood oxygen levels that are caused by the shallow breathing that accompanies lack of sleep or boredom.]
根据传统理论，当人们无聊或者困倦时就会打...
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