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六、状语从句
【难句】1. The engines would have variable nozzles, which would be fully opened on take-off and landing, so that the exhaust would be slow and relatively quiet, and narrowed when the aircraft was cruising, providing the necessary speed. (The Economist Nov. 9, 2006)
【结构分析】 本句是主从复合句。主句为The engines would have variable nozzles。其后的定语从句比较复杂，以逗号后and为切入点，得到which would be fully opened…and narrowed…，关系代词which指代先行词nozzles在从句中作主语。其中so that引导的结果状语从句so that the exhaust would be slow and relatively quiet说明(nozzles)would be fully opened on take-off and landing情况发生时所产生的结果，句末的现在分词结构providing the necessary speed 作(nozzles)would be narrowed when the aircraft was cruising情况发生时的伴随结果，其中when引导的从句作时间状语。
【参考译文】 引擎将配有各种各样的尾喷管，在起飞和降落时这些尾喷管会全部打开，这样喷气速度会下降，噪音也会更小;而在飞机巡航过程中，尾喷管将变小以保证必要的飞行速度。
【难句】2. If it decides in favour, the whole industry will feel the impact, for it will affect not just European airlines but all those that fly into and out of the EU. (The Economist Jun. 8, 2006)
【结构分析】 以连词for为切入点，得到两个并列结构，分别为If it decides in favour, the whole industry will feel the impact和for it will affect not just European airlines but all those that fly into and out of the EU。前一分句中，if引导从句If it decides in favour作条件状语;后一分句中，谓语affect的宾语部分使用了not just…but…结构，句末的定语从句that fly into and out of ...
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2020考研英语：语法长难句练习(1)
考研英语长难句训练题：
1. Yet, in several instances, justices acted in waysthat weaken the court's reputation for beingindependent and impartial.
2. That kind of activity makes it less likely that the court's decisions will be accepted asimpartial judgements.
3. At the very least, the court should make itselfsubject to the code of conduct that applies to therest of the federal judiciary.
4. They gave justices permanent positions so theywould be free to upset those in power and have noneed to cultivate political support.
考研英语长难句解析：
第1题：
【分析】复合句。主句主干为 justices acted。in severalinstances 和 in ways作状语， that 引导定语从句修饰ways。
【译文】然而，在一些情况下，法官的行为方式削弱了法院保持中立且公正的名声。
第2题：
【分析】复合句，主句为 That kind of activity makes it less likely, it 是形式宾语，真正的宾语是 that 引导的名词性从句。
【译文】这类行为使得法院的裁定被认为是公正判决的可能性有所下降。
【词法拓展】
it 作形式宾语放在动词与宾语补足语之间，指代不定式、动名词、从句等，此时，it 无实际意义。这种情况只能用于能以名词或形容词作宾语补足语的动词后面，如feel, consider, find, believe, make, take, imagine,suppose, think, deem, regard, count 等。
第3题：
【分析】复合句。At the very least在句首作状语，that 引导定语从句修饰 the code of conduct。
【译文】至少，法院应当服从适用于联邦司法系统其余部门的行为准则。
第4题：
【分析】复合句。主句为 They gave justices permanent positions, so 引导目的状语从句，从句主干为they would be free...and have no need...。
【译...
考研英语有许多题目组成，方便大家及时了解，下面由出国留学网小编为你精心准备了“2020考研英语：语法长难句练习(2)”，持续关注本站将可以持续获取更多的考试资讯!
2020考研英语：语法长难句练习(2)
考研英语长难句训练题：
1. Yet, in several instances, justices acted in waysthat weaken the court's reputation for beingindependent and impartial.
2. That kind of activity makes it less likely that the court's decisions will be accepted asimpartial judgements.
3. At the very least, the court should make itselfsubject to the code of conduct that applies to therest of the federal judiciary.
4. They gave justices permanent positions so theywould be free to upset those in power and have noneed to cultivate political support.
考研英语长难句解析：
第1题：
【分析】复合句。主句主干为 justices acted。in severalinstances 和 in ways作状语， that 引导定语从句修饰ways。
【译文】然而，在一些情况下，法官的行为方式削弱了法院保持中立且公正的名声。
第2题：
【分析】复合句，主句为 That kind of activity makes it less likely, it 是形式宾语，真正的宾语是 that 引导的名词性从句。
【译文】这类行为使得法院的裁定被认为是公正判决的可能性有所下降。
【词法拓展】
it 作形式宾语放在动词与宾语补足语之间，指代不定式、动名词、从句等，此时，it 无实际意义。这种情况只能用于能以名词或形容词作宾语补足语的动词后面，如feel, consider, find, believe, make, take, imagine,suppose, think, deem, regard, count 等。
第3题：
【分析】复合句。At the very least在句首作状语，that 引导定语从句修饰 the code of conduct。
【译文】至少，法院应当服从适用于联邦司法系统其余部门的行为准则。
第4题：
【分析】复合句。主句为 They gave justices permanent positions, so 引导目的状语从句，从句主干为they would be free...and have no need...。
【译...
考研英语有许多题目组成，方便大家及时了解，下面由出国留学网小编为你精心准备了“2020考研英语：语法长难句练习(3)”，持续关注本站将可以持续获取更多的考试资讯!
2020考研英语：语法长难句练习(3)
考研英语长难句训练题：
9. But because hard laughter is diffficult to suatain, agood laugh is unlikely to have measurable benefitsthe way, say, walking or jogging does.
10. It was argued at the end of the 19th century that humans do not cry because they are sadbut they become sad when the tears begin to flow.
11. In an experiment pubished in 1988, socialpsychologist Fritz Strack of the University ofWurzburg in Germany asked volunteers to hold apen either with their teeth-thereby creating anartificial smile-or with their lips, which wouldproduce a disappointed expression.
12. Those forced to exercises their smiling muscles reacted more enthusiastically to funnycartoons than did those whose mouths were contracted in a frown, suggeating thatexpressions may inflence emotions rather than just the other way around.
考研英语长难句解析：
第9题：
【分析】复合句。句首为 because 引导的原因状语从句。主句的主干为 a good laugh is unlikely to havemeasurable benefits，主句包含 the way 引导的方式状语从句，say 作插入语。
【译文】但是，由于"大笑"很难持续，一场酣畅淋漓的大笑给心血管带来的好处，不可能会像散步和慢跑给心血管带来的好处那样明显可见。
第10题：
【分析】复合句。句首 It 为形式主语，真正的主语为 that 引导的从句。从句由 but 连接的并列复合句构成，第一个分句包含 because 引导的原因状语从句，第二个分句包含 when 引导的时间状语从句。
【译文】19世纪末曾有人提到：人类不是因为悲伤而哭泣，而是因为流泪而悲伤。
第11题：
【分析】复合句。句子主干为 social psychologistFritzStrack ...asked volunt...
考研英语有许多题目组成，方便大家及时了解，下面由出国留学网小编为你精心准备了“2020考研英语：语法长难句练习(4)”，持续关注本站将可以持续获取更多的考试资讯!
2020考研英语：语法长难句练习(4)
考研英语长难句训练题：
13. Instead, the studies ended up giving their name to the "Hawthorne effect", the extremely influential idea that the very act of being experimented upon changes subjects' behavior.
14. Accoding to accounts of the experiments, their hourly output rose when lighting was increasd, but also it was dimmed.
15. An awareness that they were being experimentedupon seemed to be enough to alter workers'sbehavior by itself.
16. Contrary to the description on record, nosystematic evidence was found that levels of productivity were related to changes inlighting.
考研英语长难句解析：
第13题：
【分析】复合句。句子主干为 the studies ended up giving their name to the "Hawthorne effect"。the extremely influential idea...补充说明 Hawthorne effect，是其同位语，其中 idea 之后是 that 引导的同位语从句。同位语从句中，主句为 the very act，of being experimented upon 是其后置定语，谓语为 changes，宾语是 subjects' behavior。
【译文】然而，这些研究最终以被冠之为"霍桑效应"的概念而告终，这个极具影响力的概念认为，仅仅是接受实验这一行为就足以使受试者的表现发生改变。
【点拨】1)subject 作名词时，是"主题、学科、对象、主语"的意思，结合语境，本句中意为"接受实验对象，受试者"。作动词时，意为"使服从;使遭受"，常与 to 搭配。作形容词时，意为"受...支配的;易遭...的"。
2)end up doing sth."结果是...，最终..."。
第14题：
【分析】复合句。句子主干为 their hourly output rose。 连接两个由 when 引导的并列时间状语从句，后一时间状语从句中 it 指代的是 lighting。 此处注意 not only...but also...结构在实际运用中可以省略 not only 或 but also。 Ac...
考研英语有许多题目组成，方便大家及时了解，下面由出国留学网小编为你精心准备了“2020考研英语：语法长难句练习(5)”，持续关注本站将可以持续获取更多的考试资讯!
2020考研英语：语法长难句练习(5)
17. It turns out that peculiar way of conducting theexperiments may have led tomisleadinginterpretations of what happened.
18. When work started again on Monday, output duly rose compared with the Saturday andcontinued to rise for the next couple of days.
19. However, a comparison with data for weeks whenthere was no experimentation showed that outputalways went upon Monday.
20. This suggests that dimmer bulbs burn longer, that there is an advantage in not being toobright.
考研英语长难句解析：
第17题：
【分析】复合句，句子主干为 It turns out that...， It 作形式主语，真正的主语是 that 引导的主语从句，其主干为...way...may have led to misleadinginterpretations，其中 of conducting the experiments是 way 的后置定语，of what happened 是interpretations 的后置定语。从句中使用了"may+have+done"结构，表示对发生过的事情的推测，意思是"可能已经"或"也许已经"。
【译文】这表明也许是实验所采取的独特方式造成了对所发生事情的误解。
【点拨】peculiar 意为"特有的，独具的"时，其后常跟介词 to。本句中意为"独特的，特殊的"。
第18题：
【分析】复合句。句子主干为 output duly rose...and continued to rise。句首 when 引导时间状语从句。主句中含有表比较意义的短语 compared with...，在句中作状语。for the next couple of days 为时间状语。
【译文】当星期一复工时，产出与上星期六相比会适当地有所增加，并且会在接下来的几天内持续增加。
第19题：
【分析】复合句。句子主干为 a comparison...showedthat...，that 引导的宾语从句。 with data 作comparison 的后置定语，其中包含 when 引导的定语从句修饰 weeks。
【译文】但是，和没有进行试验的几周的数据进行对比发现，周一的产出总是会增加。
第20题：
【分析...
考研英语有许多题目组成，方便大家及时了解，下面由出国留学网小编为你精心准备了“2020考研英语：语法长难句练习(6)”，持续关注本站将可以持续获取更多的考试资讯!
2020考研英语：语法长难句练习(6)
21. It takes more upkeep, burns more fuel and is slowoff the starting line it depends on learning-a gradualprocess-instead of instinct.
22. Plenty of other species are able to learn, and one of the things they've apparently learned iswhen to stop.
23. Instead of casting a wistful glance backward atall the species we've left in the dust I.Q.-wise, itimplicitly asks what the real costs of our ownintelligencies might be.
24. Research on animal intelligence also makes us wonder what experiments animals wouldperform on humans if they had the chance.
考研英语长难句解析：
第21题：
【分析】复合句。本句的谓语动词有三个：takes，burn 和is。because 引导原因状语从句，其中插入语 a gradualprocess 作 learning的同位语，对 learning 进行补充说明。
【译文】它需要更多的给养，消耗更多的能量，而且起步比较慢，因为聪明依赖学习--一个循序渐进的过程--而不是一种本能。
【点拨】upkeep 是由"副词+动词"构成的合成词，意为"(房屋，设备等的)保养，维修;保养费，维修费"，其相应的短语 keep up 意为"继续，坚持，保持，维持"。
第22题：
【分析】并列复合句。and 连接两个并列分句。在第二个分句中，they've apparently learned 是修饰things 的定语从句，when to stop 由"特殊疑问句词+动词不定式"构成，作表语。
【译文】很多其他的物种也能学习，而且它们显然已经学会的一件事就是何时停止学习。
【点拨】apparently 在此处的意思是"显然地"，另外一个意思是"表面上地(未必真实地)"。
语法拓展
疑问代词或副词后的不定式
疑问代词 who, what, which 等和疑问副词 when, where,how 等后面跟不定式，构成不定式短语。这种结构在句中可作主语、宾语、表语、宾语补足语等句子成分。此结构可以改写成由该疑问词引导的从句，从句所作的句子成分不变。如：Perhaps the most difficult chall...
考研英语有许多题目组成，方便大家及时了解，下面由出国留学网小编为你精心准备了“2020考研英语：语法长难句练习(7)”，持续关注本站将可以持续获取更多的考试资讯!
2020考研英语：语法长难句练习(7)
考研英语长难句训练题：
25. They would try to decide what intelligence inhuamns is really for, not merely how much of itthere is.
26. The idea that some groups of people may be more intelligent than others is one of thosehypotheses that dare not speak its name.
27. He helped popularize the idea that some diseasesnot previously thought to have a bacterial causewere actually infections, which aroused muchcontroversy when was first suggested.
28. Together with another two scientists, he is publishing a paper which not only suggeats thatone group of huamanity is more intelligent than the others, but explains the process that hasbrought this about.
考研英语长难句解析：
第25题：
【分析】复合句。本句的主干是 They would try todecide...。decide 后跟两个并列的宾语从句，分别由 what和 how much 引导。
【译文】它们会试图判定人类智力的用途，而不仅仅是人类有多少智慧。
第26题：
【分析】复合句。主句主干为 The idea is one of those hypotheses。 第一个 that 引导同位语从句补充说明 idea，第二个 that 引导定语从句修饰 hypotheses。
【译文】有一种观点认为，某些民族的智商可能要高于其他民族，这种观点是一种不敢冠之以名的假设。
【点拨】dare not speak its name 为一个固定结构，意为"不敢说出名"、"不敢冠之以名"、"无法说出口"。
第27题：
【分析】多重复合句。主句主干是 He helped popularizethe idea。that...infections 为 idea 的同位语从句，其中not previously...cause 作 diseases 的后置定语;which 引导的非限定性定语从句修饰 the idea;when引导时间状语从句，其中代词 it 也指代 the idea。
【译文】他曾经使一种观点广为人知，即某些以前被认为...
考研英语有许多题目组成，方便大家及时了解，下面由出国留学网小编为你精心准备了“2020考研英语：语法长难句练习(8)”，持续关注本站将可以持续获取更多的考试资讯!
2020考研英语：语法长难句练习(8)
考研英语长难句训练题：
29. This group generally do well in IQ test, scoring 12-15 points above the mean value of 100, and havecontributed disproportinately to the intellectual, andcultural life of the West, as the careers of their elites,including several world-renowned scientists, affirm.
30. His argumet is that the unusual history of these people has subjected them to uniqueevolutionary pressures that have resulted in this paradoxical state of affairs.
31. Born in the crisis of the old regime and IberianColonialism, many of the leades of independenceshared the ideals of representative govornment,careers open to talent, freedom of commerce andtrade, the right to vate property, and a belief in theindividulas the basis of society.
32. Gernerally these was a belidf that the new nations should be sovereign and independentstates, large enough to be economically viable and integrated by a particular set of laws.
考研英语长难句解析：
第29题：
【分析】复合句。主句主干为 This group do well in IQtest and have contributed to the life。现在分词短语 scoring...作伴随状语;as 引导状语从句。
【译文】这一人群在高智商测试中普遍得分较高，(得分)比平均值高出12至15分;就像他们中的一些精英人士(包括一些享誉世界的科学家)的事业所证实的那样，这一群人对于西方学术和文化生活做出了(同他们人口数量)极不成比例的贡献。
【点拨】mean 作动词时意为"意味;意欲";作形容词时，常意为"小气的，吝啬的"，在本句中意为"平均的"。
第30题：
【分析】多重复合句。主句主干为 His argumet is...。...
考研英语有许多题目组成，方便大家及时了解，下面由出国留学网小编为你精心准备了“2020考研英语：语法长难句练习(9)”，持续关注本站将可以持续获取更多的考试资讯!
2020考研英语：语法长难句练习(9)
考研英语长难句训练题：
33. On the issue of freedom of religion and theposition of the church, however, there was lessagreement among the leadership.
34. While most leaders sought to maintain Catholicism as the official religion of the new states,some sought to end the exclusion of other faiths.
35. Early promise to end Indian tribute and taxes onpeople of mixed orgin came much slower because thenew nations still needed the revenue such policiesproduced.
36. Egalitarian sentiments were often tempered by fears that the mass of the population wasunprepared for selfrule and the democracy.
考研英语长难句解析：
第33题：
【分析】简单句。本句的主干为 there be 句型。句首的介词短语作状语。
【译文】不过，在宗教自由和教会地位的问题上，领导阶层之间就不那么一致了。
【点拨】1) issue 是个含义很丰富的词，既可以作名词，表示"问题;发行物;期刊号;争论点"，也可以作动词，表示"发行;流出;造成...结果"。
第34题：
【分析】并列句。本句的 while 为并列连词，连接两个并列的分局。此时的 while 含对比的意味。
【译文】大多数领导人试图继续将天主教作为新国家的官方宗教，而也有一些领导人要设法结束其他信仰被排斥的局面。
【点拨】1) seek to do sth. 意为"尝试或设法做某事"。2) maintain 意为"维持;维修;保养;坚持;断言"，该词在句中为"维系"的含义。3) official 既可以作名词，意为"官员"，也可以作形容词，意为"官方的;正式的;法定的"，本句中意为"官方的"。
第35题：
【分析】多重复合句。主句主干为 Early promise camemuch slower。不定式结构 to end ... mixed origin 作promises 的后置定语; because 引导原因状语从句，其中包含省略了引导词的定语从句 such policiesproduced，该定语从句修饰 revenue。
【译文】先前结束印第安人纳贡和停止向混血人种征税的承诺实现...
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