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2021考研英语：阅读题型的训练技巧四
Many critics of the current welfare system argue that existing welfare regulations lead to family instability.They believe that those regulations，which exclude most poor husband-and-wife families from Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC) assistance grants，contribute to the problem of family dissolution.Thus，they conclude that expanding the set of families that can eligibly get such grants would result in a marked strengthening of the low-income family structure.
If all poor families could receive welfare，would the incidence of instability change markedly? The answer to this question depends on the relative importance of three types of potential welfare recipients.The first is the“cheater”—the husband who is reported to have abandoned his family，but in fact disappears only when the social worker is in the neighborhood.The second consists of a loving husband and devoted father who，sensing his own inadequacy as a family supporter，leaves so that his wife and children may enjoy the relative benefit provided by public assistance.There is very little evidence that these two types are significant.
The third type is the unhappily married couple，who remain together out of a sense of economic responsibility for their children，because of the high costs of separation，or because of the consumption benefits of marriage.This group is large.The formation，maintenance，and dissolution of the family is in large part a function of the relative balance between the benefits and costs of marriage as seen by the individual members of the marriage.Since the family performs certain functions society regards as vital，a complex network of social and legal process has evolved to reinforce marriage.Much of the variation in marital stability across income classes can be explained by the variation in costs of dissolution imposed by society，such as division of property，and child support.
Marital stability is related to the costs of achieving an acceptable agreement on family consumption and production and to the prevailing social price of instability in the marriage partners‘social-economic group.Expected income exerts pressures on family instability by reducing the cost of dissolution.To the extent that welfare is a form of government-subsidized AFDC payments，it reduces the costs of separation and guarantees a minimal standard of living for wife and children.So welfare opportunities are a significant determinant of family instability in poor neighborhoods，but this is not the result of AFDC regulations that exclude most intact families from coverage.Rather，welfare-related instability occurs because public assistance lowers both the benefits of marriage and the costs of its breach by providing a system of government-subsidized payments.
1.Which of the following best summarizes the main idea of the passage?
[A] Welfare restrictions do not contribute to low-income family instability.
[B] The most significant kind of welfare recipients is not the“cheating”father.
[C] The divorce rate is bound to fall when welfare benefits are cut.
[D] Government welfare payments lead directly to growing divorce rate.
2.The tone of the passage can best be described as____.
[A] confident and optimistic
[B] scientific and detached
[C] discouraged and alarmed
[D] polite and sensitive
3.All of the following are mentioned by the author as factors tending to sustain a marriage EXCEPT____.
[A] the social class of the married couple
[B] the cost involved in divorce
[C] the loss of property upon divorce
[D] the greater consumption possibilities of married people
4.With which of the following statements about marriage would the author most likely agree?
[A] Marriage is largely shaped by powerful but impersonal economic and social forces.
[B] Marriage has a greater value to higher income groups.
[C] Society has no interest in encouraging people to remain married to one another.
[D] Marriage will gradually give way to other forms of social organization.
5.The passage would most likely be found in a____.
[A] basic economics text
[B] book on the history of welfare
[C] religious literature on the importance of marriage
[D] scholarly journal devoted to public policy questions
一、参考答案
1.[A] 文章第一段先引出对现行福利政策持批评态度的人的观点，他们认为现行政策引起了家庭的分裂。第二、三段对这一问题进行了具体分析。第四段是全文的结论，全文旨在说明的观点最清楚地阐述在本段最后两句。
2.[B] 意为：科学与客观的。作者对福利政策与家庭的稳定性的关系做了具体的分析，认为福利政策不是造成低收人家庭关系破裂的直接原因。分析有理有据，有说服力。
3.[A] 第三段提到第三类人，这些人虽然婚姻生活不幸福，但因为考虑到对孩子的经济责任而不离婚，因为离婚代价太高(选择项[B]表达的内容)，而生活在一起消费上可以有很多好处(选择项[D]表达的内容)。本段最后一句提到了(离婚时)分财产的问题。
4.[A] 参阅第三段第三、四、五句，尤其是第四段第一句。第四段第一句提到决定婚姻稳定与否的两个方面：经济和社会因素。[D]中give way to意为：让位于。
5.[D] 意为：用于探讨政府政策问题的学术杂志。本文探讨了政府的福利政策对婚姻稳定性的影响，分析有理有据，文章的措辞很富有学术味道。
2021考研英语：阅读题型的训练技巧三
The income-tax deadline approaches and some taxpayers‘thoughts turn to it.Test time approaches and some students’thoughts turn to it.Temptation appears and some spouses consider it.Nowadays，cheating is on the rise.“You want something you can‘t get by behaving within the rules，and you want it badly enough，you’ll do it regardless of any guilt or regret，and you‘re willing to run the risk of being caught.”That’s how Ladd Wheeler，psychology professor at the University of Rochester in New York，defines cheating.
Cheating represents the triumph of the“Brazen Rule”over the“Golden Rule”，says Terry Pinkard，philosophy professor at Georgetown University in Washington D.C.“The Golden Rule says，‘Do unto others as you would have them do unto you.’The Brazen Rule says，‘Do unto others as they would do unto you if they were in your place.’”Many experts believe cheating is on the rise.“We‘re seeing more of the kind of person who regards the world as a series of things to be manipulated.Whether to cheat depends on whether it’s in the person‘s interest.”He does，however，see less cheating among the youngest students.
Richard Dienstbier，psychology professor at the University of Nebraska in Lincoln，believes that society‘s attitudes account for much of the rise in cheating.“Twenty years ago，if a person cheated in college，society said：”That is extremely serious;you will be dropped for a semester if not kicked out permanently，’“he says.”Nowadays，at the University of Nebraska，for example，it is the stated policy of the College of Arts and Sciences that if a student cheats on an exam，the student must receive an‘F’on what he cheated on.That‘s nothing.If you’re going to fail anyway，why not cheat?“
Cheating is unethical，Pinkard says，whether it‘s massive fraud or failure to tell a store cashier you were undercharged.“You’re treating other people merely as a means for your own ends.You‘re using people in ways they would not consent to.The cheater says，’Let everybody else bear the burden，and I‘ll reap the benefits.’”
Cheaters usually try to justify their actions，says Robert Hogan，chairman of the psychology department at the University of Tulsa in Oklahoma.“They never think it‘s their fault.”Cheaters make justifications because they want to feel good about themselves，adds Wheeler.“They don’t want to label themselves as a cheater.Also，they may be anticipating the possibility of getting caught，so they work on their excuse ahead of time.”The most common justifications，psychologists say，include：
“I had to do it.”
“The test was unfair.”
“Everybody does it，and I have to cheat to get what‘s rightfully mine.”
“The government wastes the money anyway.”
“My wife (or husband) doesn‘t understand me，and we’ve grown apart.”
Cheating is most likely in situations where the stakes are high and the chances of getting caught are low，says social psychologist Lynn Kahle of the University of Oregon in Eugene.In his study，a group of freshmen were allowed to grade their own tests，while secret，pressure-sensitive paper indicated who changed answers.To raise the pressure，students were given an extremely high score as the“average”for the test and told that those who failed would go before an inquiring board of psychologists.About 46 percent of the male students changed answers;among the females，about 30 percent cheated.
Everybody cheats a little，some psychologists say，while others insist that most people are basically honest and some wouldn‘t cheat under any circumstances.
Despite the general rise in cheating，Pinkard sees some cause for hope：“I do find among younger students a much less tolerant attitude toward cheating.”Perhaps，he says，the upcoming generation is less spoiled than the“baby boom”students who preceded them—and therefore less self-centered.“There seems to be a swing back in the culture.”
1.The purpose of this passage is to____.
[A] convince the reader that cheating is immoral
[B] discuss the varieties of and reasons for cheating
[C] describe how cheaters cheat
[D] suggest how to curtail cheating
2.According to the passage，which of the following is TRUE?
[A] It is ethical to cheat unless money is involved.
[B] Failure to tell a store cashier you were undercharged is not considered cheating.
[C] There has been a general rise in cheating.
[D] Most cheaters are college students.
3.According to the passage，with which of the following would the author probably NOT agree?
[A] Cheating is often the result of intense pressure.
[B] Cheating is cheating，whether on a test or on income tax forms.
[C] Cheating is widespread and society is too tolerant.
[D] The Brazen Rule is a better rule than the Golden Rule.
4.When a person is caught cheating，it is most likely that he____.
[A] pretends to apologize for what he has done
[B] pretends that he has no knowledge of what is going on
[C] ascribes his misconduct to some external motivation
[D] denies the fact in fearful anticipation of escaping punishment
5.Regarding the future of cheating，the author seems to be____.
[A] depressed [B] optimistic
[C] amused [D] bewildered
一、参考答案
1.[B] 第一段提到了各种各样的欺骗行为;但对原因的探讨贯穿整个文章。
2.[C] 参阅最后一段第一句，从Despite the general rise in cheating看，的确存在欺骗现象不断增加的问题。
3.[D] 本文对欺骗行为进行了鞭挞，作者对鼓励欺骗的厚颜无耻原则(the Brazen Rule)持批评态度。
4.[C] 意为：将他的不良行为归因于某种外在动机。即：不承认自己内心想欺骗。参阅第五段。
5.[B] 参阅最后一段。在作者看来，在新的一代人中，欺骗行为将减少。
2021考研英语：阅读题型的训练技巧二
President Arling has put his long awaited economic restructuring program before the Congress. It provides a coordinated program of investment credits， research grants， education reforms， and tax changes designed to make American industry more competitive. This is necessary to reverse the economic slide into unemployment， lack of growth， and trade deficits that have plagued the economy for the past six years.
The most liberal wing of the President‘s party has called for stronger and more direct action. They want an incomes policy to check inflation while federal financing helps rebuild industry behind a wall of protective tariffs.
The Republicans， however， decry even the modest， graduated tax increases in the President‘s program. They want tax cuts and more open market. They say if federal money has to be injected into the economy， let it through defence spending.
Both these alternatives ignore the unique nature of the economic problem before us. It is not simply a matter of markets or financing. The new technology allows vastly increased production for those able to master it. But it also threatens those who fail to adopt it with permanent second-class citizenship in the world economy. If an industry cannot lever itself up to the leading stage of technological advances， then it will not be able to compete effectively. If it cannot do this， no amount of government protectionism or access to foreign markets can keep it profitable for long. Without the profits and experience of technological excellence to reinvest， that industry can only fall still further behind its foreign competitors.
So the crux is the technology and that is where the President‘s program focused. The danger is not that a plan will not be passed， it is that the ideologues of right and left will distort the bill with amendments that will blur its focus on technology. The economic restructuring plan should be passed intact. If we fail to restructure our economy now， we may not get a second chance.
1.The focus of the President‘s program is on
[A] investment.
[B] economy.
[C] technology.
[D] tax.
2.What is the requirement of the most liberal wing of the Democratic-party?
[A] They want a more direct action.
[B] They want an incomes policy to check inflation.
[C] They want to rebuild industry.
[D] They want a wall of protective tariffs.
3.What is the editor‘s attitude?
[A] support.
[B] distaste.
[C] Disapproval.
[D] Compromise.
4.The danger to the plan lies in
[A] the two parties‘ objection.
[B] different idea of the two parties about the plan.
[C] its passage.
[D] distortion.
5.The passage is
[A] a review.
[B] a preface.
[C] a advertisement.
[D] an editorial.
Vocabulary
1.reverse 逆转
2.slide 滑坡
3.plague 瘟疫;折磨，困扰
4.tariff 关税
5.decry 谴责，诋毁
6.lever 杠杆;用杠杆撬动
7.crux 症结
8.ideologue 空想家，思想家
9.intact 原封不动的，完整无损的
10.investment credit 投资信贷
11.research grant 研究基金
一、难句译注
1.This is necessary to reverse the economic slide into unemployment， lack of growth， and trade deficits that have plagued the economy for the past six years.
【参考译文】这对扭转经济滑坡;滑到失业高，增长少和已经困扰经济达6年之久贸易赤字来说是必要的。
二、写作方法与文章大意
这是一则有关总统向国会提交的经济计划评论。作者采用对比手法来突出其计划之正确性，第一段就讲了计划的涉及面：投资、研究、教育、税收等，目的是制止经济滑坡，提高美国工业竞争力。
第二、三两段叙述了计划遭两方面的反对，总统党内的右翼要求更强硬，更直接的行动，而共和党对即使逐渐稍稍提高一点税收都予以谴责。
第四段提出两者都忽略我们面临经济问题的独特性质。它不是市场或财政问题。掌握新技术的人大量增产，而不能采用新技术的人面临在世界经济中成为二等公民的危险。工业不能达到先进水平，就不能有效地竞争，那么任何保护主义或进入外国市场都不能长期奏效。没有技术优势的经验和利润的再投资，工业经济只能依然落后于外国竞争对手。
最后一段点出总统计划的要点就是工艺技术。作者提出：要求全面通过这一重新建设计划。如果我们不能重建经济，我们可能不会有第二次机会。
三、答案详解
2.C 工艺技术。最后一段第一句“问题的症结就在于工艺技术，这就是总统计划的要点所在。”第四段：“对掌握新技术的人来说，新技术使他们大大增产，而新技术对不能掌握它的人来说，在世界经济中他们面临沦为永久性的二等公民的危险。如果不能做到这一点，那么任何政府保护主义，进入国际市场都不能有效地竞争。如果不能有技术优势的利润和经验再投资，工业只能进一步落后于国外竞争对手。”这些都说明总统计划的重点再工艺技术。
A.投资。D.税收。只是总统计划的涉及面。B.经济。太笼统了。
3.A 更直接行动。第二段“总统的党内几段自由翼要求更强硬、更直接行动。他们要求用收入(税收)政策来制止通货膨胀;联邦财政在关税保护下，帮助重建工业。”
B.他们需要制止通货膨胀。C.重建工业。D.保护关税墙。都只是他们要求中的不分内容，不完整。
4.A支持。第四、五段集中了评论者的观点，支持的理由和论点。
B.厌恶。C.不赞成。D.调和妥协。
5.D歪曲。最后一段第二句：“其危险不在于计划将不被通过，而在于左和右的思想理论家们用修正案来歪曲提案，使计划要点蒙尘模糊不清，经济重建计划应原封不动地通过。”这是作者的态度，也是他所担心之处。
A.两党的反对。B.两党对计划的不同看法。C.它的通过。
6.D 社论。
A.评论。社论也是评论的一种，但它是报纸主编所撰，常常是有关国内外大事评论。B.前言。C.广告。
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